IMMUNOHISTOCHEMISTRY IN THE DIAGNOSTICS OF PROSTATE CANCER
Background: over the past decade, there was an active search of new diagnostic methods of prostate cancer, providing a more accurate assessment of its outcomes.
Aim: to conduct a systematic search for scientific information on the evaluation of promising biomarkers used to diagnose prostate cancer.
Materials and methods. The search for scientific publications was carried out in evidence-based medicine databases (PubMed, Cochrane Library, TripDatabase, ResearchGate) and in electronic scientific libraries (CyberLeninka). Initially, the decision was made to limit the search by the period of 10 years (from January, 2007 to November, 2017), however, due to the limited number of publications found, we expanded our search interval to the period of 15 years (from January 2002 to November 2017). Firstly, the search was carried in automatic mode, after which the search became "manual", which allowed us to reveal a number of additional publications. The inclusion criteria were: 1) papers published in English, Russian and Spanish languages; 2) trials conducted on humans; 3) trials considering only clinically-significant outcomes of prostate cancer (overall mortality cancer-specific mortality, disease-free survival). The exclusion criteria was the publication’s failure to meet the above described inclusion criteria.
Results: all biological markers included in this review can be identified by immunohistochemical studies of prostate tissue samples, obtained through tissue biopsy or prostatectomy. An analysis of the available literature sources made it possible to identify 9 protein molecules whose ability to predict significant clinical outcomes of the disease (survival and mortality) was evaluated in clinical trials.
Conclusions: there is a limited number of publications in the available literature sources dedicated to the capacity of tissue biomarkers to assess prostate cancer outcomes, which justifies the need for further prospective cohort studies. In addition, it seems reasonable to evaluate the combined effect of proteins belonging to different functional groups, which will allow to develop the individualized treatment schemes.
Key words: immunohistochemistry, prostate cancer, tissue biomarkers, survival, mortality.
Erlan А. Ospanov 1, http://orcid.org/0000-0002-1344-5477
Тasbolat А. Аdylkhanov 1, http://orcid.org/0000-0002-9092-5060
Sholpan Е. Тоkanova 1, http://orcid.org/0000-0003-0304-4976
Yuliya М. Semenova 1, http://orcid.org/0000-0003-1324-7806
Nataliya S. Kulabukhova 1, http://orcid.org/0000-0001-8814-9827
Marzhan А. Dauletyarova 1, http://orcid.org/0000-0001-8178-4051
Malcolm A. Moore 2
1 Semey State Medical University,
Semey, Kazakhstan;
2 Director-Coordination, Asia Pacific Organization for Cancer Prevention,
Korean Cancer Center, Goyang, Korea.
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17. Dunsmuir W.D., Gillett C.E., Meyer L.C., Young M.P., Corbishley C., Eeles R.A., Kirby R.S. Molecular markers for predicting prostate cancer stage and survival. BJU Int. 2000;86:869–7
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20. Hla T., Neilson K. Human cyclooxygenase-2 cDNA. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci 1992; U.S.A. 89 (16): 7384–8
21. Khor L.Y., Bae K., Paulus R., Al-Saleem T., Elizabeth Hammond M., Grignon D.J., Che M., Venkatesan V., Byhardt R.W., Rotman M., Hanks G.E., Sandler H.M., Pollack A. MDM2 and Ki-67 predict for distant metastasis and mortality in men treated with radiotherapy and androgen deprivation for prostate cancer: RTOG 92-02. Am J Clin Oncol 2009;27:3177–84.
22. Krajewska M., Krajewski S., Epstein J.I., Shabaik A., Sauvageot J., Song K., Kitada S., Reed J.C. Immunohistochemical analysis of bcl-2, bax, bcl-X, and mcl-1 expression in prostate cancers. Am J Pathol. 1996 May;148(5):1567-76
23. Kudahetti S., Fisher G., Ambroisine L., Foster C., Reuter V., Eastham J., Møller H., Kattan M.W., Cooper C.S., Scardino P., Cuzick J., Berney D.M. p53 immunochemistry is an independent prognostic marker for outcome in conservatively treated prostate cancer. BJU Int 2009;104:20–4
24. Kudahetti S.C., Fisher G., Ambroisine L., Prowse D., Kattan M.W., Foster C.S., Møller H., Oliver T., Fletcher A., Cooper C., Reuter V., Scardino P., Cuzick J., Berney D.M. Immunohistochemistry for p16, but not Rb or p21, is an independent predictor of prognosis in conservatively treated, clinically localised prostate cancer. Pathology. 2010;42:519–23
25. Lavi A., Cohen M. Prostate cancer early detection using PSA – current trends and recent updates. Harefuah. 2017 Mar;(3):185-188
26. Lipponen P., Vesalainen S. Expression of the apoptosis suppressing protein bcl-2 in prostatic adenocarcinoma is related to tumor malignancy. Prostate. 1997 Jun 15;32(1):9-15
27. Li T., Su Y., Mei Y., Leng Q., Leng B., Liu Z., Stass S.A., Jiang F. ALDH1A1 is a marker for malignant prostate stem cells and predictor of prostate cancer patients' outcome. Lab Invest 2010;90:234–44
28. Mahal B.A., Chen Y.W., Muralidhar V., Mahal A.R., Choueiri T.K., Hoffman K.E., Hu J.C., Sweeney C.J., Yu J.B., Feng F.Y., Kim S.P., Beard C.J., Martin N.E., Trinh Q.D., Nguyen P.L. Racial disparities in prostate cancer outcome among prostate-specific antigen screening eligible populations in the United States. Ann Oncol. 2017 May 1;28(5):1098-1104
29. Menter D.G., Schilsky R.L., DuBois R.N. Cyclooxygenase-2 and cancer treatment: understanding the risk should be worth the reward. Clin. Cancer Res. 2010; 16(5): 1384–90
30. Nagase H., Woessner J.F. Matrix metalloproteinases. The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 1999;274 (31): 21491–4
31. Nakayama K., Ishida N., Shirane M., Inomata A., Inoue T., Shishido N., Horii I., Loh D.Y., Nakayama K. Mice lacking p27(Kip1) display increased body size, multiple organ hyperplasia, retinal dysplasia, and pituitary tumors. Cell. 1996; 85 (5): 707–20
32. Nobori T., Miura K., Wu D.J., Lois A., Takabayashi K., Carson D.A. Deletions of the cyclin-dependent kinase-4 inhibitor gene in multiple human cancers. Nature 1994; 368 (6473): 753–6
33. PDQ Screening and Prevention Editorial Board. Prostate Cancer Screening. Bethesda (MD): National Cancer Institute (US); 2017. Доступно: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK65945/
34. Pereira F., Rosenmann E., Nylen E., Kaufman M., Pinsky L., Wrogemann K. The 56 kDa androgen binding protein is an aldehyde dehydrogenase. Biochem Biophys. Res. Commun 1991;175 (3): 831–8
35. Polyak K., Lee M.H., Erdjument-Bromage H., Koff A., Roberts J.M., Tempst P., Massagué J. Cloning of p27Kip1, a cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor and a potential mediator of extracellular antimitogenic signals. Cell 2004; 78 (1): 59–66
36. Pollack A., Cowen D., Troncoso P., Zagars G.K., von Eschenbach A.C., Meistrich M.L, McDonnell T. Molecular markers of outcome after radiotherapy in patients with prostate carcinoma: Ki-67, bcl-2, bax, and bcl-x. Cancer. 2003;97:1630–8
37. Rahmanzadeh R., Hüttmann G., Gerdes J., Scholzen T. Chromophore-assisted light inactivation of pKi-67 leads to inhibition of ribosomal RNA synthesis. Cell Prolif 2007; 40 (3): 422–30
38. Rayess H., Wang M.B., Srivatsan E.S. Cellular senescence and tumor suppressor gene p16. International Journal of Cancer 2012;130 (8): 1715–25
39. Revelos K., Petraki C., Gregorakis A., Scorilas A., Papanastasiou .P, Tenta R., Koutsilieris M. p27(kip1) and Ki-67 (MIB1) immunohistochemical expression in radical prostatectomy specimens of patients with clinically localized prostate cancer. In vivo 2005;19:911–20
40. Richardsen E., Uglehus R.D., Due J., Busch C., Busund L.T. COX-2 is overexpressed in primary prostate cancer with metastatic potential and may predict survival. A comparison study between COX-2, TGF-beta, IL-10 and Ki67. Cancer Epidemiol. 2010;34:316–22
41. Ritter M.A., Gilchrist K.W., Voytovich M., Chappell R.J., Verhoven B.M. The role of p53 in radiation therapy outcomes for favorable-to-intermediate-risk prostate cancer. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2002;53:574–80
42. Sivaraman A., Bhat K.R.S. Screening and Detection of Prostate Cancer-Review of Literature and Current Perspective. Indian J Surg Oncol. 2017. Jun;8(2):160-168
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