QUESTIONS OF CLASSIFICATION OF NODAL FORMATIONS OF THE THYROID GLAND. REVIEW

This article is devoted to a review of the literature of thyroid gland tumors, which are the most frequent endocrine pathology. Palpable nodes of thyroid gland could be with frequency of about 5% in women and 1% in men. Such kind of tumors mainly are discovered by ultrasound investigation in 70% of randomly selected people, with higher frequencies in women and the elderly. Now many studies are carried out.

Zhanar M. Zhumanbayeva, http://orcid.org/0000-0001-8941-862X

Mayra Zh. Espenbetova, http://orcid.org/0000-0003-2318-4765

Kuralay Sh. Amrenova, http://orcid.org/0000-0002-4350-2698

Gulnar M. Shalgumbayeva, http://orcid.org/0000-0003-3310-4490

Oksana A.  Yurkovskaya, https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6251-5574

Natalia E. Glushkova, http://orcid.org/0000-0003-1400-8436

Azhar A.  Dyussupova, http://orcid.org/0000-0002-8857-4118

 

Department of internship on general practice,

Semey State Medical University,

Semey, Republic of Kazakhstan

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10.     Beresford B., Clarke S., and Greco V. Referrers' use and views of mental health services for deaf children and young people in England // J Ment Health. 2010. №.19 (2). P. 193-201.

11.     Cho Y.S. et al. Sonographically guided ethanol sclerotherapy for benign thyroid cysts: results in 22 patients // American Journal of Roentgenology. 2000. №174(1). P. 213-216.

12.     Clark O.H. et al. Diagnosis and Treatment of thyroid, parathyroid, and thyroglossal duct cysts // J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1979. №.48 (6). P. 983-8.

13.     Cooper D.S. et al. Management guidelines for patients with thyroid nodules and differentiated thyroid cancer // Thyroid. 2006. №16 (2). P. 109-42.

14.     Cortelazzi D. et al. Resolution of hyperthyroidism in a pregnant woman with toxic thyroid nodule by percutaneous ethanol injection // Thyroid. 1995. №5(6). P. 473-5.

15.     Cusick E.L. et al. Cystic change and neoplasia in isolated thyroid swellings // Br J Surg. 1988. №75(10). P. 982-3.

16.     De los Santos E.T. et al. Cystic thyroid nodules. The dilemma of malignant lesions // Arch Intern Med. 1990. №150(7). P. 1422-7.

17.     Declaration of Helsinki. Ethical principles for medical research involving human subjects. 2009. P.145-147.

18.     Filetti S., Durante C., and Torlontano M. Nonsurgical approaches to the management of thyroid nodules // Nat Clin Pract Endocrinol Metab. 2006. №.2(7). P. 384-94.

19.     Gandek B. et al. Psychometric evaluation of the SF-36 health survey in Medicare managed care. 2004.

20.     Gharib H. et al. Clinical review: Nonsurgical, image-guided, minimally invasive therapy for thyroid nodules // J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2013. №.98(10). P. 3949-57.

21.     Guth S., Theune U., Aberle J., Galach A., Bamberger C.M. Very high prevalence of thyroid nodules detected by high frequency (13 MHz) ultrasound examination // Eur J Clin Invest 2009; 39: 699–706.

22.     Hammer M., Wortsman J., and Folse R. Cancer in cystic lesions of the thyroid // Arch Surg. 1982. №.117(8). P. 1020-3.

23.     Hay I.D. et al. Long-term outcome of ultrasound-guided percutaneous ethanol ablation of selected "recurrent" neck nodal metastases in 25 patients with TNM stages III or IVA papillary thyroid carcinoma // Surgery. 2013. №.154(6). P. 1448-54.

24.     Jarlov A.E. et al. Accuracy of the clinical evaluation of thyroid size // Dan Med Bull. 1991. №.38(1). P. 87-9.

25.     Jayesh S. et al. Efficacy and safety of USG-guided ethanol sclerotherapy in cystic thyroid nodules // Indian Journal of Radiology and Imaging. 2009. №.19(3). P. 199.

26.     Jensen F., Rasmussen S.N. The treatment of thyroid cysts by ultrasonically guided fine needle aspiration // Acta Chir Scand. 1976. №.142(3). P. 209-11.

27.     Kalra N. et al. Comparison of Sonographically Guided Percutaneous Sodium Tetradecyl Sulfate Injection with Ethanol Injection in the Treatment of Benign Nonfunctioning Thyroid Nodules // Journal of Vascular and Interventional Radiology. 2014. №.25(8). P. 1218-1224.

28.     Kim D.W. et al. Ultrasonography-guided ethanol ablation of predominantly solid thyroid nodules: a preliminary study for factors that predict the outcome // Br J Radiol. 2012. №.85(1015). P. 930-6.

29.     Kim J.H. et al. Efficacy of sonographically guided percutaneous ethanol injection for treatment of thyroid cysts versus solid thyroid nodules // American Journal of Roentgenology. 2003. №.180(6). P. 1723-1726.

30.     Livraghi T. et al. Treatment of autonomous thyroid nodules with percutaneous ethanol injection: 4-year experience // Radiology. 1994. №.190(2). P. 529-33.

31.     Mazzaferri E.L. Management of a solitary thyroid nodule // N Engl J Med. 1993. 328 (8). P. 553-9.

32.     Pan Y. and Barnhart H.X. Methods for assessing the reliability of quality of life based on SF-36. Stat Med. 2016. 26. Solymosi T. and Gal I. Treatment of recurrent nodular goiters with percutaneous ethanol injection: a clinical study of twelve patients // Thyroid. 2003. №.13(3). Р. 273-7.

33.     Solymosi T. et al. Percutaneous Ethanol Sclerotherapy of Symptomatic Nodules Is Effective and Safe in Pregnant Women: A Study of 13 Patients with an Average Follow-Up of 6.8 Years // International journal of endocrinology. 2015.

34.     Tarantino L. et al. Percutaneous ethanol injection of hyperfunctioning thyroid nodules: long-term follow-up in 125 patients // American Journal of Roentgenology. 2008. №.190 (3). P. 800-808.

35.     Tarantino L. et al. Percutaneous Ethanol Injection of Large Autonomic Hyperfunctioning Thyroid Nodules // Radiology. 2000. №.214(1). P. 143-1.

36.     Chu C.H. et al. Sclerotherapy of thyroid cystic nodules // Journal of the Formosan Medical Association // Taiwan yi zhi. 2003. №102 (9). Р. 625-630.

37.     Cooper D.S., Doherty G.M., Haugen B.T. et al. American Thyroid Association Guidelines Taskforce on Thyroid Nodules and Differentiated Thyroid Cancer. Revised American Thyroid Association management guidelines for patients with thyroid nodules and differentiated thyroid cancer // Thyroid. 2009; 19:1167–1214.

38.     Davies L., Welch H.G. Increasing incidence of thyroid cancer in the United States, 1973'2002 // J. Am. Med. Assoc. 2006; 295: 2164–2167.

39.     Gharib H., Papini E., Garber J.R., Duick D.S., Harrell R.M., Hegedüs L., Paschke R., Valcavi R., Vitti P. AACE/ACE/AME Task Force on Thyroid Nodules: American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists, American College of Endocrinology, and Associazione Medici Endocrinologi medical guidelines for clinical practice for the diagnosis and management of thyroid nodules // Endocr Pract 2016; 22: 622– 639.

40.     Gharib H., Papini E., Paschke R. et al. AACE/AME/ETA Task Force on Thyroid Nodules). American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists, Associazione Medici Endocrinologi, and European Thyroid Association medical guidelines for clinical practice for the diagnosis and management of thyroid nodules // Endocr. Pract. 2010; 16 (Suppl. 1): 1–43.

41.     Haugen B.R., Alexander E.K., Bible K.C., Doherty G.M., Mandel S.J., Nikiforov Y.E., Pacini F., Randolph G.W., Sawka A.M., Schlumberger M., Schuff K.G., Sherman S.I., Sosa J.A., Steward D.L., Tuttle R.M., Wartofsky L. 2015. American Thyroid Association Management Guidelines for Adult Patients with Thyroid Nodules and Differentiated Thyroid Cancer: the American Thyroid Association Guidelines Task Force on Thyroid Nodules and Differentiated Thyroid Cancer. Thyroid. 2016; 26: 1–133.

42.     Horvath E., Majlis S., Rossi R., Franco C. et al. An ultrasonogram reporting system for thyroid nodules stratifying cancer risk for clinical management // J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 2009. Vol. 94. N 5. P. 1748–1751.

43.     Kwak J., Han K., Yoon J., Moon H. J. et al. Thyroid imaging reporting and data system for US features of nodules: a step in establishing better stratification of cancer risk // Radiology. 2011. Vol. 260. N 3. P. 892–899.

44.     Leenhardt L., Grosclaude P., Cherie-Challine L. Thyroid Cancer Committee: Increased incidence of thyroid carcinoma in France: a true epidemic or thyroid nodule management effects? // Report from the French Thyroid Cancer Committee. Thyroid 2004; 14: 1056–1060.

45.     Maia F.F., Matos P.S, Pavin E.J., Zantut-Wittmann D.E. Thyroid imaging report in gand data systems core combined with Bethesda system for malignancy risks tratification in thyroid nodules with in determinate results on cytology // Clin. Endocrinol. (Oxf). 2015.Vol. 82. N 3. P. 439–444.

46.     Moon W.J., Baek J.H., Jung S.L. et al. (Korean Society of Thyroid Radiology [KSThR]; Korean Society of Radiology) Ultrasonography and the ultrasound'based management of thyroid nodules: consensus statement and recommendations // Korean J. Radiol. 2011; 12: 1–14.

47.     Riskstratification of thyroid nodules on ultrasonography with the French TI-RADS: description and reflections // Ultrasonography. 2016. Vol. 35. N 1. P. 25–38.

48.     Rossing M., Nygaard B., Nielsen F.C., Bennedbæk F.N. High prevalence of papillary thyroid microcarcinoma in Danish patients: a prospective study of 854 consecutive patients with a cold thyroid nodule undergoing fineneedle aspiration // Eur Thyroid J. 2012; 1: 110–117.

49.     Russ G., Leboulleux S., Leenhardt L., Hegedüs L. Thyroid incidentalomas: epidemiology, risk stratification with ultrasound and workup // Eur Thyroid J. 2014; 3: 154–63.

50.     Russ G. Risk stratification of thyroid nodules on ultrasonography with the French TI-RADS: description and reflections // Ultrasonography. 2016. Vol. 35. N 1. P. 25–38.

51.     Tunbridge W.M., Evered D.C., Hall R., Appleton D., Brewis M., Clark F., Evans J.G., Young E., Bird T., Smith P.A. The spectrum of thyroid disease in a community the Whickham survey // Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 1977; 7: 481–493.

52.     Verde G. et al. Ultrasound guided percutaneous ethanol injection in the treatment of cystic thyroid nodules // Clinical endocrinology. 1994. №.41(6). P. 719-724.

53.     Xu S.Y., Zhan W.W., Wang W.H. Evaluation of thyroid nodules by a scoring and categorizing method based on sonographic features // J. Ultrasound Med. 2015. Vol. 34. N 12.P. 2179-2185.

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10.   Beresford B., Clarke S., and Greco V. Referrers' use and views of mental health services for deaf children and young people in England. J Ment Health. 2010. №.19 (2). P. 193-201.

11.   Cho Y.S. et al. Sonographically guided ethanol sclerotherapy for benign thyroid cysts: results in 22 patients. American Journal of Roentgenology. 2000. №174(1). P. 213-216.

12.   Clark O.H. et al. Diagnosis and Treatment of thyroid, parathyroid, and thyroglossal duct cysts. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1979. №.48 (6). P. 983-8.

13.   Cooper D.S. et al. Management guidelines for patients with thyroid nodules and differentiated thyroid cancer. Thyroid. 2006. №16 (2). P. 109-42.

14.   Cortelazzi D. et al. Resolution of hyperthyroidism in a pregnant woman with toxic thyroid nodule by percutaneous ethanol injection. Thyroid. 1995. №5(6). P. 473-5.

15.   Cusick E.L. et al. Cystic change and neoplasia in isolated thyroid swellings. Br J Surg. 1988. №75(10). P. 982-3.

16.   De los Santos E.T. et al. Cystic thyroid nodules. The dilemma of malignant lesions. Arch Intern Med. 1990. №150(7). P. 1422-7.

17.   Declaration of Helsinki. Ethical principles for medical research involving human subjects. 2009. P.145-147.

18.   Filetti S., Durante C., and Torlontano M. Nonsurgical approaches to the management of thyroid nodules. Nat Clin Pract Endocrinol Metab. 2006. №.2(7). P. 384-94.

19.   Gandek B. et al. Psychometric evaluation of the SF-36 health survey in Medicare managed care. 2004.

20.   Gharib H. et al. Clinical review: Nonsurgical, image-guided, minimally invasive therapy for thyroid nodules. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2013. №.98(10). P. 3949-57.

21.   Guth S., Theune U., Aberle J., Galach A., Bamberger C.M. Very high prevalence of thyroid nodules detected by high frequency (13 MHz) ultrasound examination. Eur J Clin Invest. 2009; 39: 699–706.

22.   Hammer M., Wortsman J., and Folse R. Cancer in cystic lesions of the thyroid. Arch Surg. 1982. №.117(8). P. 1020-3.

23.   Hay I.D. et al. Long-term outcome of ultrasound-guided percutaneous ethanol ablation of selected "recurrent" neck nodal metastases in 25 patients with TNM stages III or IVA papillary thyroid carcinoma. Surgery. 2013. №.154(6). P. 1448-54.

24.   Jarlov A.E. et al. Accuracy of the clinical evaluation of thyroid size. Dan Med Bull. 1991. №.38(1). P. 87-9.

25.   Jayesh S. et al. Efficacy and safety of USG-guided ethanol sclerotherapy in cystic thyroid nodules. Indian Journal of Radiology and Imaging. 2009. №.19(3). P. 199.

26.   Jensen F., Rasmussen S.N. The treatment of thyroid cysts by ultrasonically guided fine needle aspiration. Acta Chir Scand. 1976. №.142(3). P. 209-11.

27.   Kalra N. et al. Comparison of Sonographically Guided Percutaneous Sodium Tetradecyl Sulfate Injection with Ethanol Injection in the Treatment of Benign Nonfunctioning Thyroid Nodules. Journal of Vascular and Interventional Radiology. 2014. №.25(8). P. 1218-1224.

28.   Kim D.W. et al. Ultrasonography-guided ethanol ablation of predominantly solid thyroid nodules: a preliminary study for factors that predict the outcome. Br J Radiol 2012. №.85(1015). P. 930-6.

29.   Kim J.H. et al. Efficacy of sonographically guided percutaneous ethanol injection for treatment of thyroid cysts versus solid thyroid nodules. American Journal of Roentgenology. 2003. №.180(6). P. 1723-1726.

30.   Livraghi T. et al. Treatment of autonomous thyroid nodules with percutaneous ethanol injection: 4-year experience. Radiology. 1994. №.190(2). P. 529-33.

31.   Mazzaferri E.L. Management of a solitary thyroid nodule. N Engl J Med. 1993. 328 (8). P. 553-9.

32.   Pan Y. and Barnhart H.X. Methods for assessing the reliability of quality of life based on SF-36. Stat Med. 2016. 26. Solymosi T. and Gal I. Treatment of recurrent nodular goiters with percutaneous ethanol injection: a clinical study of twelve patients. Thyroid. 2003. №.13(3). Р. 273-7.

33.   Solymosi T. et al. Percutaneous Ethanol Sclerotherapy of Symptomatic Nodules Is Effective and Safe in Pregnant Women: A Study of 13 Patients with an Average Follow-Up of 6.8 Years. International journal of endocrinology. 2015.

34.   Tarantino L. et al. Percutaneous ethanol injection of hyperfunctioning thyroid nodules: long-term follow-up in 125 patients. American Journal of Roentgenology. 2008. №.190 (3). P. 800-808.

35.   Tarantino L. et al. Percutaneous Ethanol Injection of Large Autonomic Hyperfunctioning Thyroid Nodules. Radiology. 2000. №.214(1). P. 143-1.

36.   Chu C.H. et al. Sclerotherapy of thyroid cystic nodules. Journal of the Formosan Medical Association. Taiwan yi zhi. 2003. №102 (9). Р. 625-630.

37.   Cooper D.S., Doherty G.M., Haugen B.T. et al. American Thyroid Association Guidelines Taskforce on Thyroid Nodules and Differentiated Thyroid Cancer. Revised American Thyroid Association management guidelines for patients with thyroid nodules and differentiated thyroid cancer. Thyroid. 2009; 19:1167–1214.

38.   Davies L., Welch H.G. Increasing incidence of thyroid cancer in the United States, 1973'2002. J. Am. Med. Assoc. 2006; 295: 2164–2167.

39.   Gharib H., Papini E., Garber J.R., Duick D.S., Harrell R.M., Hegedüs L., Paschke R., Valcavi R. AACE/ACE/AME Task Force on Thyroid Nodules: American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists, American College of Endocrinology, and Associazione Medici Endocrinologi medical guidelines for clinical practice for the diagnosis and management of thyroid nodules. Endocr Pract. 2016; 22: 622–639.

40.   Gharib H., Papini E., Paschke R. et al. AACE/AME/ETA Task Force on Thyroid Nodules). American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists, Associazione Medici Endocrinologi, and European Thyroid Association medical guidelines for clinical practice for the diagnosis and management of thyroid nodules. Endocr. Pract. 2010; 16 (Suppl. 1): 1–43.

41.   Haugen B.R., Alexander E.K., Bible K.C., Doherty G.M., Mandel S.J., Nikiforov Y.E., Pacini F., Randolph G.W., Sawka A.M., Schlumberger M., Schuff K.G., Sherman S.I., Sosa J.A., Steward D.L., Tuttle R.M., Wartofsky L. American Thyroid Association Management Guidelines for Adult Patients with Thyroid Nodules and Differentiated Thyroid Cancer: the American Thyroid Association Guidelines Task Force on Thyroid Nodules and Differentiated Thyroid Cancer. Thyroid. 2016; 26: 1–133.

42.   Horvath E., Majlis S., Rossi R., Franco C. et al. An ultrasonogram reporting system for thyroid nodules stratifying cancer risk for clinical management. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 2009. Vol. 94. N 5. P. 1748–1751.

43.   Kwak J., Han K., Yoon J., Moon H. J. et al. Thyroid imaging reporting and data system for US features of nodules: a step in establishing better stratification of cancer risk. Radiology. 2011. Vol. 260. N 3. P. 892–899.

44.   Leenhardt L., Grosclaude P., Cherie-Challine L. Thyroid Cancer Committee: Increased incidence of thyroid carcinoma in France: a true epidemic or thyroid nodule management effects? Report from the French Thyroid Cancer Committee. Thyroid. 2004; 14: 1056–1060.

45.   Maia F.F., Matos P.S, Pavin E.J., Zantut-Wittmann D.E. Thyroid imaging report in gand data systems core combined with Bethesda system for malignancy risks tratification in thyroid nodules with in determinate results on cytology. Clin. Endocrinol. (Oxf). 2015.Vol. 82. N 3. P. 439–444.

46.   Moon W.J., Baek J.H., Jung S.L. et al. (Korean Society of Thyroid Radiology [KSThR]; Korean Society of Radiology) Ultrasonography and the ultrasound'based management of thyroid nodules: consensus statement and recommendations. Korean J. Radiol. 2011; 12: 1–14.

47.   Risk stratification of thyroid nodules on ultrasonography with the French TI-RADS: description and reflections. Ultrasonography. 2016. Vol. 35. N 1. P. 25–38.

48.   Rossing M., Nygaard B., Nielsen F.C., Bennedbæk F.N. High prevalence of papillary thyroid microcarcinoma in Danish patients: a prospective study of 854 consecutive patients with a cold thyroid nodule undergoing fineneedle aspiration. Eur Thyroid J. 2012; 1: 110–117.

49.   Russ G., Leboulleux S., Leenhardt L., Hegedüs L. Thyroid incidentalomas: epidemiology, risk stratification with ultrasound and workup. Eur Thyroid J. 2014; 3: 154–63.

50.   Russ G. Risk stratification of thyroid nodules on ultrasonography with the French TI-RADS: description and reflections. Ultrasonography. 2016. Vol. 35. N 1. P. 25–38.

51.   Tunbridge W.M., Evered D.C., Hall R., Appleton D., Brewis M., Clark F., Evans J.G., Young E., Bird T., Smith P.A. The spectrum of thyroid disease in a community the Whickham survey. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 1977; 7: 481–493.

52.   Verde G. et al. Ultrasound guided percutaneous ethanol injection in the treatment of cystic thyroid nodules. Clinical endocrinology. 1994. №.41(6). P. 719-724.

53.   Xu S.Y., Zhan W.W., Wang W.H. Evaluation of thyroid nodules by a scoring and categorizing method based on sonographic features. J. Ultrasound Med. 2015. Vol. 34. N 12.P. 2179-2185.



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Bibliography link

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