PREVALENCE AND SEVERITY OF DEPRESSION AND ANXIETY AMONG RESIDENTS OF EAST KAZAKHSTAN REGION DEPENDING ON RADIATION EXPOSURE DUE TO THE ACTIVITY OF THE SEMIPALATINSK NUCLEAR TEST SITE
Background: studying the influence of environmental factors on mental health of the population is a widespread approach among modern researchers, which allows us to characterize the state of mental health both at individual and population levels. Assessment of mental distress is a necessary measure for the development of primary and secondary prevention programs on mental disorders. Despite the closure of the Semipalatinsk Nuclear Test Site (SNTS) in 1989, many social, demographic and economic issues remained unresolved. There is an aggravation of psychological tension among residents of the territories adjacent to the Site due to the spread of information by mass media unfairly reflecting the real radio-ecological situation in the region, as well as the consequences of radiation impact on public health. Aim: to study the prevalence and severity of depressive disorders and anxiety among the residents of Abay and Borodulikha districts, who were affected by long-term tests due to the activity of the SNTS, in comparison with inhabitants of ecologically safe Kurchum district. Materials and methods. The study had cross-sectional design. To achieve the study aim, we formed the study groups from the population of the East Kazakhstan region, in accordance with their radiation route. The sample size for the Abay district of comprised 222 people, while the sample size for Borodulikha district composed 233 people, and 245 people were recruited in Kurchum district (control group). PHQ-9 and GAD-7 scales were used to assess the presence and severity of depressive disorder and anxiety, respectively. The statistical processing of the study results was carried out using the SPSS statistical package (Statistical Package for the Social Sciences) version 20.0 for Windows (GMU Semey). Pearson’s chi-square was used to compare two independent groups of nominal variables. Differences between groups were considered to be significant if they had a 5% significance level (p <0.05) Results: the prevalence of major depressive disorder (MDD) using the PHQ-9 scale showed that minimal degree of depression (0-4 points) was seen in residents of Kurchum district more often (199 people - 81.2%) than in the residents of Abay and Borodulikha districts (65.7% and 65.8%, respectively). A similar pattern was observed in case of moderate (10-14 points), severe (15-19 points) and extremely severe (20-27 points) degrees of depression: their frequency in the control group was lower than in the study group. An assessment of the severity of generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) in the study groups showed a significant excess of mild to moderate anxiety levels in both Abai and Borodulikha districts in comparison with indicators of the control group (23.2%, 23.4% and 13.1% respectively for a mild degree and 4.3%, 3.6% and 2.9% respectively for moderate anxiety). Conclusions: our results confirm the hypothesis that exposure to radiation due to the prolonged residence in ecologically unfavorable territories, negatively affects the prevalence and severity of a major depressive disorder and generalized anxiety disorder among the exposed individuals.
Yuliya M. Semenova 1, Lyudmila M. Pivina 1, Yersin T. Zhunussov 1, Tolkyn A. Bulegenov 1, Almira M. Manatova 1, Tatyana I. Belikhina 1, Madina К.Adieva 1, Aizhan T. Shakhanova 1, Tamara Zhunussova 2 1 Semey State Medical University, Kazakhstan, Semey, Republic of Kazakhstan; 2 Norwegian Radiation Protection Authority, Oslo, Norway
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The Canadian Urban Environmental Health Research Consortium – a protocol for building a national environmental exposure data platform for integrated analyses of urban form and health. BMC Public Health. 2018 Jan 8;18(1):114. 7 Catherine А, Tatibekov В. “Characteristics of Migration in Kazakhstan.” Europe-Asia Studies: Society, Polity, Culture. 2006; 1(53): 101–7. 8. Drozdovitch V., Schonfeld S., Akimzhanov K., Aldyngurov D., Land C.E., Luckyanov N., Mabuchi K., Potischman N., Schwerin M.J., Semenova Yu., Tokaeva A., Zhumadilov Z., Bouville A., Simon S.L. Behavior and food consumption pattern of the population exposed in 1949-1962 to fallout from Semipalatinsk nuclear test site in Kazakhstan. Radiat Environ Biophys. 2011 Mar;50(1):91-103. 9. Grosche B., Lackland D.T., Land C.E., Simon S.L., Apsalikov K.N., Pivina L.M., et al. Mortality from cardiovascular diseases in the Semipalatinsk historical cohort, 1960-1999, and its relationship to radiation exposure. Radiat Res. 2011; 176(5): 660-9. 10. Gordeev K., Vasilenko I., Lebedev A., Bouville A., Luckyanov N., Simon S.L. et al. Fallout from nuclear tests: dosimetry in Kazakhstan. Radiat Environ Biophys. 2002; 41:61–7. 11. Hoffmann F.O., Apostonaei A.I., & Thomas B.A. (2002). A perspective on public concerns about exposure to fallout from the production and testing of nuclear weapons. Health Physics. 2002; 82:736–748. 12. Ibrayeva Zh., Aldyngurov D., Myssayev A., Meirmanov S., Zhanaspayev M., Khismetova Z., Muzdubayeva Zh., Smail E., Yurkovskaya O., Pivina L., Semenova Y. Depression, Anxiety and Somatic Distress in Domestic and International Undergraduate Medical Students in Kazakhstan. Iran J Public Health. 2018. 47 (6), 919-921. 13. Kakimov A., Yessimbekov Z., Kakimova Z., Bepeyeva A., Stuart M. Cs-137 in milk, vegetation, soil, and water near the former Soviet Union's Semipalatinsk Nuclear Test Site. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int. 2016 Mar; 23(5):4931-7. 14. Kawano N., Hirabayashi K., Motsuo M., Taooka Y., Hiraoka T., Apsalikov K. Human Suffering Effects of Nuclear Tests at Semipalatinsk, Kazakhstan: Established On the Basis of Questionnaire Surveys. Journal of Radiation Research. 2006;47:Suppl, A209–A217. 15. Markabayeva A., Bauer S., Pivina L., Bjørklund G., Chirumbolo S., Kerimkulova A., Semenova Y., Belikhina T. Increased prevalence of essential hypertension in areas previously exposed to fallout due to nuclear weapons testing at the Semipalatinsk Test Site, Kazakhstan. Environ Res. 2018 Jul 9;167:129-135. 16. Oe M., Fujii S., Maeda M., et al. Three-year trend survey of psychological distress, posttraumatic stress, and problem drinking among residents in the evacuation zone after the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant accident [The Fukushima Health Management Survey]. Psychiatry Clin Neurosci. 2016;70:245-252. 17. Pivina L.M., Semenova Yu.M., Rakhypbekov T.K., Dyussupov Alt.A., Belikhina T.I., Manatova A.M. Prevalence of depression in the offspring of people exposed to radiation in East. European Journal of Public Health. 2017; 27, Supplement 3:388. 18. Schwerin M., Schonfeld S., Drozdovitch V., Akimzhanov K., Aldyngurov D., Bouville A., Land C., Luckyanov N., Mabuchi K., Semenova Y., Simon S., Tokaeva A., Zhumadilov Z., Potischman N. The utility of focus group interviews to capture dietary consumption data in the distant past: dairy consumption in Kazakhstan villages 50 years ago. J Dev Orig Health Dis. 2010. Jun;1(3):192-202. 19. Skvortsov V., Ivannikov A., Tikunov D, Stepanenko V., Borysheva N., Orlenko S. Considerations regarding the implementation of EPR dosimetry for the population in the vicinity of Semipalatinsk nuclear test site based on experience from other radiation accidents. J Radiat Res. 2006. Feb;47 Suppl A:A61-9. 20. Stawkowski M.E. “I am a radioactive mutant”: Emergent biological subjectivities at Kazakhstan’s Semipalatinsk Nuclear Test // American Ethnologist. 2016;43(1):144-157. 21. Takamura N., Yamashita S., Namba H., Alipov G., Ito M., Sekine I., Espenbetova M., Raisov T., Gusev B. Need for investigation of thyroid disease around Semipalatinsk nuclear testing site, Kazakhstan // Thyroid. 1998 Jul;8(7):635-6. 22. Yabe H., Suzuki Y., Mashiko H., Nakayama Y., Hisata M., Niwa S. Psychological distress after the Great East Japan Earthquake and Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant accident: results of a mental health and lifestyle survey through the Fukushima Health Management Survey in FY2011 and FY2012 // Fukushima J Med Sci. 2014;60:57-67.
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Семенова Ю.М., Пивина Л.М., Жунусов Е.Т., Булегенов Т.А., Манатова А.М., Белихина Т.И., Адиева М.К., Шаханова А.Т., Жунусова T. Распространенность и степень тяжести депрессии и тревожности у жителей Восточно-Казахстанской области, в зависимости от факта подверженности облучению вследствие деятельности Семипалатинского ядерного полигона / / Наука и Здравоохранение. 2018. 5 (Т.20). С. 115-124. Semenova Yu.M., Pivina L.M., Zhunussov Ye.T., Bulegenov T.A., Manatova A.M., Belikhina T.I., Adieva M.К., Shakhanova A.T., Zhunussova T. Prevalence and severity of depression and anxiety among residents of East Kazakhstan region depending on radiation exposure due to the activity of the Semipalatinsk nuclear test site. Nauka i Zdravookhranenie [Science & Healthcare]. 2018, (Vol.20) 5, pp. 115-124. Семенова Ю.М., Пивина Л.М., Жунусов Е.Т., Булегенов Т.А., Манатова А.М., Белихина Т.И., Адиева М.К., Шаханова А.Т., Жунусова T. Семей ядорлық полигон қызметі салдарынан Шығыс қазақстан облысының сәулеге шалдыққан тұрғындары арасында депрессия мен мазасыздықтың таралуы және ауырлық деңгейі / / Ғылым және Денсаулық сақтау. 2018. 5 (Т.20). Б. 115-124.

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