Актуальность: Рак желудка остается одной из основных общемировых онкологических причин смерти, независимо от гендерной принадлежности заболевших. В обзоре представлены последние данные по эпидемиологии и охарактеризованы ведущие факторы риска развития рака желудка, такие как состояние окружающей среды, инфекционные агенты, нездоровое питание и образ жизни. Кратко освещены вопросы генетической предрасположенности, а также стратегии скрининга.
Цель работы: представить обзор литературных данных по этиологии и ведущим факторам риска развития рака желудка.
Стратегия поиска: проведен поиск и анализ научных публикаций в базах данных и web-ресурсах Globocan, PubMed, CochraneLibrary, Medscape (Medline), ResearchGate и электронной библиотеке CyberLeninka. Глубина поиска составила 20 лет, с 2000 по 2018 годы, включая последние публикации 2019 г. В обзор были включены источники согласно их значимости в рамках доказательной медицины: отчеты о рандомизированных и когортных исследованиях на больших популяциях (15); мета-анализы (14) и систематические обзоры (7). Исключены: статьи формата «кейс-репорт», резюме докладов, личные сообщения и газетные публикации. Всего было проанализировано 119 публикаций, из них 71 включены в данный обзор.
Результаты: Согласно современным предоставлениям, рак желудка – распространенная многофакторная патология, в механизме запуска которой ведущая роль в основном принадлежит инфекции, неблагоприятной экологической ситуации, нездоровому образу жизни и наследственной предрасположенности.
Выводы: Роль отдельного фактора в возникновении рака желудка практически невозможно выделить. Группу высокого риска составляют лица, инфицированные H. pylori, с отягощенным наследственным анамнезом, часто с низким уровнем образования и социально-экономическим статусом, приверженные потреблению нездоровой пищи и живущие в экологически неблагоприятной местности. Среди лиц высокой группы риска проведение скрининговых мероприятий оправдано и клинически, и экономически.
Анар Б. Туляева1, https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7149-0121
Сауле К. Балмагамбетова1, https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4080-5383
Газиза А. Смагулова2, https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7222-620x
Ерболат М. Изтлеуов3, https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5303-8593
Арип К. Койшыбаев1, https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6164-8009
Олжас Н. Уразаев1, https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4426-342Х
Маржан А. Айтмагамбетова1, https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0346-5829
Азамат Б. Жарылгапов1, https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1609-8519
Валерия А. Тойманова1, https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2224-3789
1 Кафедра онкологии и визуальной диагностики, Западно-Казахстанский медицинский университет имени Марата Оспанова, г. Актобе, Республика Казахстан.
2 Проректор по клинической и научной работы, Западно-Казахстанский медицинский университет имени Марата Оспанова, г. Актобе, Республика Казахстан.
3 Курс визуальной диагностики, Западно-Казахстанский медицинский университет имени Марата Оспанова, г. Актобе, Республика Казахстан.
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