ОБЗОР ОСНОВНЫХ КЛИНИКО-ЭПИДЕМИОЛОГИЧЕСКИХ ХАРАКТЕРИСТИК COVID-19
Актуальность: SARS-CoV-2 (Severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus 2) – оболочечный одноцепочный (+) РНК-вирус. Впервые выявлен в конце 2019 г., вызывает опасное высококонтагиозное инфекционное заболевание – COVID-19. В Казахстане первый случай заражения COVID-19 был зарегистрирован 13 марта 2020 года. Обнаружение и распространение появившегося респираторного патогена сопровождается неопределенностью в отношении его ключевых эпидемиологических, клинических и вирусологических характеристик и, в частности, его способности распространяться среди населения и вирулентности (соотношение числа случаев и тяжести). Вместе с тем, на сегодняшний день ученые установили наличие множеств мутаций в транслируемых и нетранслируемых областях геномов коронавируса по всему миру. Мутация генома вируса и распространение его новых штаммов продолжается и в настоящее время. Понимание и мониторинг генетической эволюции вируса, его географических характеристик и стабильности особенно важны для борьбы с распространением болезни и особенно для разработки универсальной вакцины, охватывающей все циркулирующие штаммы.
Как и в случае многих новых респираторных патогенов, основные эпидемиологические, клинические параметры вируса и динамика вспышки недостаточно изучены. Также не изучены факторы, влияющие на характер течения COVID-19 и развитие осложнений, также влияющие на снижение бремени заболевания.
Цель: провести обзор исследований для получения информации по широкому спектру клинико-эпидемиологических характеристик заболевания, оценки механизма течения осложнений у пациентов с COVID-19.
Стратегия поиска: поиск проводился с помощью баз данных PubMed, Scopus, ScienceDirect, Elsevier по ключевым словам: «clinical characteristics», «epidemiology of COVID-19» OR «epidemiology of coronavirus disease», «risk factors of COVID-19», «complications of COVID-19», «close contacts of COVID-19», «basic reproductive number of COVID-19». Всего было просмотрено 100 статей за 2020 и 2021 годы, из которых было отобрано 82 статьи по теме поиска. Были исключены статьи, которые рассматривали отдельно специфические вопросы патогенеза развития заболевания, лечения коронавирусной инфекции, развитие заболевания у животных, течение заболевания у беременных женщин, у медицинских работников.
Результат поиска: Было проанализировано 82 статей авторов стран Средней Азии, Европы и США, где были выделены основные клинико-эпидемиологические характеристики коронавирусной инфекции. Так, время от момента контакта до проявления симптомов составляет в среднем от 2 до 7 дней. Общими клиническими признаками, которые наиболее часто встречались у зараженных стали такие симптомы, как лихорадка (не у всех), кашель, боль в горле, головная боль, усталость, миалгия и одышка. Наличие у пациентов сопутствующих заболеваний таких, как артериальная гипертензия (21,1%, 95% CI: 13,0–27,2%) и сахарный диабет (9,7%, 95% CI: 7,2–12,2%), сердечно–сосудистые заболевания (8,4%, 95% CI: 3,8-13,8%) и заболевания дыхательной системы (1,5%, 95% CI: 0,9–2,1%) повышало шанс госпитализации в отделения интенсивной терапии.
Эльмира К. Кайдар1, http://orcid.org/0000-0003-1331-9152
Маржан А. Даулетьярова2, http://orcid.org/0000-0001-8178-4051
НАО «Медицинский Университет Астана»,
1 Кафедра общественного здоровья и эпидемиологии,
2 Кафедра общественного здоровья и менеджмента,
г. Нур-Султан, Республика Казахстан.
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Кайдар Э.К., Даулетьярова М.А. Обзор основных клинико-эпидемиологических характеристик COVID-19 // Наука и Здравоохранение. 2021. 6(Т.23). С. 26-37. doi 10.34689/SH.2021.23.6.003Похожие публикации:
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