TREATMENT OF TIBIAL SHAFT FRACTURE. LITERATURE REVIEW
Relevance. Fractures of the shin bones, according to various data, occupy the first place, making up fr om 13 to 21.4% of all injuries of the musculoskeletal system, or 64.3 - 70% of fractures of the lower limbs. The frequency of diaphyseal fractures of the bones of the leg is 26-32 cases per 100,000 population per year.
Purpose: The study and analysis of literary data by a study of domestic and foreign authors for the treatment of diaphyseal fractures of the lower leg bones.
Search strategy. A systematic search for scientific information was conducted in the databases of Google Scholar, eLibrary.ru, PubMed, Cyberleninka, as well as the "manual method". Search depth was 40 years, fr om 1967 to 2017. About 50,000 sources were found in Russian and 525,000 in English wh ere all fractures of the bones of the leg were described, of which about 7,800 and 118,000 comprised only diaphyseal fractures, respectively. We analyzed the indications and contraindications, the advantages and disadvantages of the proposed methods for the treatment of diaphyseal fractures of the shin bones. Inclusion criteria: systematic reviews, full articles, results of a clinical randomized and non-randomized study. Exclusion criteria: advertising articles, articles in newspapers, summaries of reports, private messages.
Search results: 2 approaches to the conservative treatment of such injuries were noted. In addition to conservative treatment in recent decades, extrafocal transosseous osteosynthesis has been widely used in trauma surgery. This method provides rigid retention of bone fragments even in cases wh ere other technologies cannot be applied. Plateau osteosynthesis by tibial diaphysis plates is considered less acceptable than on other segments, due to some peculiarities of the tibia. Intraosseous osteosynthesis is a generally accepted standard in the treatment of diaphyseal fractures of the long bones, despite such negative effects as endosteal necrosis and systemic fat embolism.
Yernar N. Toktarov 1, http://orcid.org//0000-0002-5166-243X
Marat А. Zhanaspaev 1, https://orcid.org//0000-0002-0610-0112
Aidos S. Tlemissov 1, http://orcid.org//0000-0002-4239-6627
Talgat G. Dzhunusov 1, http://orcid.org//0000-0003-4140-1831
Ayan О. Myssayev 1, http://orcid.org//0000-0001-7332-4856
Kuanysh T. Kassymov 2, http://orcid.org//0000-0002-7292-4304
1 Semey State Medical University, Semey c., Republic of Kazakhstan;
2 Semey State emergency hospital, Semey c., Republic of Kazakhstan.
1. Алферов Д.Е. Применение интрамедуллярного остеосинтеза при переломах длинных трубчатых костей в г. Спасске-Дальнем Приморского края // Новое в травматологии и ортопедии: Всерос. науч.-практ. конф. Самара, 2012. С. 25-26.
2. Климовицкий В.Г., Черныш В.Ю., Лафи Хатем, Танцюра В.П. Анализ критериев выбора способа остеосинтеза внесуставных переломов костей голени (ретроспективное исследование). Травма. 2013. Т. 14, № 1 [Электронный ресурс]. URL: www.mif-ua.com (дата обращения: 13.07.2014).
3. Майсеёнок П.В., Пах А.В., Миронов А.Н. Лечение переломов длинных трубчатых костей у детей по технологии ESIN // Margo Anterior. 2009. № 3. С. 13-15.
4. Матвеев А.Л. Лечение больных с диафизарными переломами костей голени со смещением отломков: дисс. канд. мед. наук: 14.00.22. - Самара, 1998. -112 с.
5. Прокопьев Н.Я. Закрытые переломы голени.- Тюмень, 1991.- 184 с.
6. Прокопьев А.Н. Результаты лечения закрытых диафизарных переломов костей голени аппаратом Илизарова у мужчин различных соматотипов // Вестник ЮУрГУ, №20. 2009. С. 88-90.
7. Ткаченко С.С., Руцкий В.В. Результаты электростимуляции остеорепарации при оперативном лечении переломов костей голени // Ортопедия, травматология и протезирование. 1982. №3. С. 4-9.
8. Утешев М.Ш., Валиев Э.М. Применение аппаратов внешней стрежневой фиксации в комплексном лечении больных с политравмой // Хирургия Узбекистана. 2005. № 3. С. 81-85.
9. Штанаков О.Н. О системном лечении переломов костей голени в условиях сельскохозяйственного района // Ортопедия, травматология и протезирование. 1991. №9. С. 39-42.
10. Якиманская Ю.О. Лечение больных с переломами костей голени методом чрескостного остеосинтеза по Илизарову в сочетании с гирудотерапией (клинико-экспериментальное исследование). автореферат канд. мед.наук: 14.01.15.-Курган, 2011.
11. Ямковой А.Д. Остеосинтез переломов длинных костей конечностей гвоздями с пластической деформацией (клиническое исследование) 14.01.15 – травматология и ортопедия. Диссертация на соискание ученой степени кандидата медицинских) Москва. 2017. 186с.
12. Andalib Z., Sheikhbahaei E., Mohammad A. Tahririan Effectiveness of Minimally Invasive Plate Osteosynthesis (MIPO) on Comminuted Tibial or Femoral Fractures // Arch Bone Jt Surg. 2017 Sep; 5(5): 290–295.
13. Anuar-Ramdhan I.M, Med Orth M., Azahari I.M. Minimally Invasive Plate Osteosynthesis with Conventional Compression Plate for Diaphyseal Tibia Fracture. Malaysian Orthopaedic Journal 2014 Vol 8 No 3: 33-36.
14. Bahtiyar Demiral, Ali Sabri Atesal, Murat Bozkurt, Dogan Bek, Ersin Tasatan, Cagatay Ozturk, Mustafa Basbozkurt. Spiral and Oblique Fractures of Distal One-Third of Tibia-Fibula: Treatment Results with Circular External Fixator. Ann Acad med Singapore 2007; 36:267-71
15. Bhandary M., Guyatt G.H., Swiontkowski M.F. et al. Surgeons preferences for the operative treatment of fractures of the tibial shaft. An international survey // J. Bone Joint Surg. (Am.).1996.Vol. 83, №11. P. 1746-1752.
16. Bhandari M., Guyatt G., Tornetta P. Schemitsch E.H., Swiontkowski M, Sanders D, et al. Randomized trial of reamed and unreamed intramedullary nailing of tibial shaft fractures. J Bone Joint Surg Am 2008;90:2567–78.
17. Blachut P.A., Meek R.N., O’Brien P.J. External fixation and delayed intramedullary nailing of open fractures of the tibial shaft // J. Bone Joint Surg. (Am.). 1990. Vol. 72, №5. P. 729- 735
18. Blachut P.A., O’Brien P.J., Meek R.N. et al. Interlocking intramedullary nailing with and without reaming for the treatment of closed fractures of the tibial shhaft // J. Bone Joint Surg. (Am.). 1997. Vol. 79, №5. P. 640- 646.
19. Blachut P.A., O’Brien P.J., Meek R.N., Broekhuyse H.M. Interlocking intramedullary nailing with and without reaming for the treatment of closed fractures of the tibial shaft. A prospective, randomized study // J Bone Joint Surg Am 1997;79:640–6.
20. Bode G., Strohm P.C., Südkamp N.P., Hammer T.O. Tibial Shaft Fractures – Management and Treatment Options. A Review of the Current Literature Zlomeniny diafýzy tibie – možnosti ošetření a léčení. Přehled literatury. Acta chirurgiae orthopaedicae et traumatologiae čechosl., 79, 2012, p. 499–505.
21. Bone L.B., Sucato D., Stegemann P.M., Rohrbacher B.J. Displaced Isolated Fractures of the Tibial Shaft Treated with Either a Cast or Intramedullary Nailing // J. Bone Joint Surg. (Am.). 1997. Vol. 79, №9. P. 1336-1341.
22. Bostman O.M. Spiral fractures of the shaft of the tibia. Initial displacement and stability of reduction // J. Bone Joint Surg. (Br.). 1986. Vol.68, №3. P.462-466.
23. Brown P.W., Urbin J.G. Early weight bearing treatment of open fractures of the tibia: an end-result study of sixty-three cases // J. Bone Joint Surg. (Am.). 1969. Vol. 51, №1. Р. 59-75.
24. Burkhalter W.E., Protzman R. The tibial shaft fracture // J. Trauma. 1975. Vol. 15. P. 785-794.
25. Coles C.P., Gross M.: Closed tibial shaft fractures: management and treatment complications. A review of the prospective literature // Can. J. Surg., 2000, 43: 256–262.
26. Court-Brown C.M., Gustilo T., Shaw A.D. Knee pain after intramedullary tibial nailing: its incidence, etiology, and outcome // J. Orthop. Trauma. 1997. №11. P. 103-105.
27. Dehne E., Metz C.W., Deffer P.A., Hall R.M. Nonoperative treatment of the fractured tibia by immediate weight-bearing // J. Trauma. -1961. -№1. -P. 514-535.
28. De Smet K., Mostert A.K., Witte J. D, Brauwer V. D, Verdonk R. Closed intramedullary tibial nailing using the Marchetti±Vicenzi nail Its use in closed and open fractures. Injury // Int. J. Care Injured 31 (2000), 597±603
29. Dior GhafiL, Pieter Ackerman, Renaud Baillon, Rene Verdonk, Philippe Delince; Expandable intramedullary nails for fixation of tibial shaft fractures // Acta Orthop. Belg., 2012, 78, 779-785
30. Eben A. Carroll, L. Andrew Koman, External Fixation and Temporary Stabilization of Femoral and Tibial Trauma. Journal of Surgical Orthopaedic Advances 20(1):74–81, 2011
31. Egol A.K., Koval K.J., Zuckerman D.J. Lower extremity fractures and dislocations. Handbook of fractures. 4th ed. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; Wolters Kluwer health; 2010. pp. 464-75.
32. Emami A., Mjoberg B., Ragnarsson B., Larsson S. Changing epidemiology of tibial shaft fractures. 513 cases compared between 1971-1975 and 1986-1990 // Acta Orthop. Scand. 1996. Vol. 67, №6. P. 557-561.
33. Fortis A.P., Dimas A., Lamprakis A.A. Expandable nailing system for tibial shaft fractures. Injury. 2008; 39: 940–6.
34. Grecco M.A.S., do Prado Jr.I., Rocha M.A., de Barros J.W. Epidemiology of tibial shaft fractures // Acta Orthop. Bras. 2002. Vol. 10, №4. P. 10-17.
35. Greenwood D.C., Muir K.R., Doherty M., Milner S.A., Stevens M. Conservatively managed tibial shaft fractures in Nottingham, UK: are pain, osteoarthritis, and disability longterm complications? // Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health 1997;51:701-704
36. Hammer T.O. et al.: Effect of re-implanted particles from in - intramedullary reaming on mechanical properties and callus formation. A laboratory study // J. Bone Jt Surg., 89-B: 1534–1538, 2007.
37. Hasenboehler E., Rikli D., Babst R. Locking compression plate with minimally invasive plate osteosynthesis in diaphyseal and distal tibial fracture: a retrospective study of 32 patients // Injury. 2007. Vol. 38, No 3. P. 365-370.
38. HogeL F. et al.: Fracture healing after reamed and unreamed intramedullary nailing in sheep tibia. Injury, 42: 667–674, 2011.
39. Hooper G.J., Keddell R.G., Penny I.D. Conservative management or closed nailing for tibial shaft fractures // J. Bone Joint Surg. 1991.Vol.73, №1.Р.83-85.
40. Hooper R.G. Keddell I.D. Penny conservative management or closed nailing for tibial shaft fractures a randomised prospective trial. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 1991 Jan;73(1):83-5.
41. Hynes D.E., Conere T., Mee M.B., Cashman W.F. Ionising radiation and the orthopaedic surgeon. J Bone Joint Surg Br 1992;74:332–4.
42. Hussain J.A., Wejdi A.l. Fatlawy and Ihsan A. QMJ VOL. 6 No.9.121
43. Izzet Bingol, Nadir Yalcin, Vedat Bicici, Tolga Tulunay, Kaan Yuksel and Kasim Kilicarslan. Minimally Invasive Percutaneous Plate Osteosynthesis Does Not Increase Complication Rates in Extra-Articular Distal Tibial Fractures // The Open Orthopaedics Journal, 2015, 9, 73-77.
44. James Beazley, Cyril Mauffrey, David Seligson. Treatment of acute tibial shaft fractures with an expandable nailing system: A systematic review of the literature. Injury, Int. J. Care Injured 42 (2011) S4, S11–S16
45. Juan Manuel Concha Sandoval, José Luis Osma Rueda, Alejandro Sandoval Daza. Management of diaphyseal tibial fractures by plate fixation with absolute or relative stability: a retrospective study of 45 patients // Trauma Surg Acute Care Open 2017;2:1–5.
46. Karladani A.H., Granhed H., Edshage B. et al. Displaced tibial shaft fractures. A prospective randomized study of closed intramedullary nailing versus cast treatment in 53 patients // Acta Orthop. Scand. 2000; Vol. 71, №2. P. 160-167.
47. Kaushal M., Chhabra M.S., Sen R.K., Bahadur R. Biomechanical considerations in application of unilateral external fixators // Indian J. of orthopaedics. (e). 4 p. // www . indiaorth .org /ijo /index. Htm
48. Keating J.F., O’Brien P.J., Blachut P.A. et al. Locking intramedullary nailing with and without reaming for open fractures of the tibial shaft // J. Bone Joint Surg. (Am.). 1997. Vol. 79, №3. P. 334- 341.
49. Khatod M. et al.: Outcomes in open tibia fractures: relation - ship between delay in treatment and infection. J. Trauma, 55: 949–954, 2003.
50. Khayas Omer K., Arun K. and Ravikumar V. Outcome of regular nailing in fracture of proximal third tibial shaft // International Journal of Orthopaedics Sciences 2016; 2(3): 142-148
51. Koval K.J., Clapper M.F., Brumback R.J., Ellison P.J, Poka A, Bathon G.H., et al. Complications of reamed intramedullary nailing of the tibia // J Orthop Trauma 1991;5:184–9. 5.
52. Kreb D.L., Blokhuis T.J., van Wessem K.J., Bemelman M., Lansink K.W., Leenen L.P. Intramedullary nailing without interlocking screws for femoral and tibial shaft fractures // Arch. Orthop. Trauma Surg. 2013. Vol. 133, No 8. P. 1109-1113.
53. Kürşat Gençer, Fırat Ozan, Kaan Gürbüz, Erdal Uzun, Mustafa Özyalçın, Eyyüp Sabri Öncel, Fuat Duygulu. Result of the Fixation of Tibial Shaft Fractures by the Inflatable Intramedullary Nail // J Ann Eu Med 2016; 4(2): 22-5.
54. Levin P.E., Schoen R.J, Browner B.D. Radiation exposure to the surgeon during closed interlocking intramedullary nailing // J Bone Joint Surg Am 1987;69:761–6.
55. Menakaya C.U., Rigby A.S., Hadland Y., Barron E., Sharma H. Fracture healing following high energy tibial trauma: Ilizarov versus Taylor Spatial Frame Hull and East Yorkshire Hospitals NHS Trust, UK University of Hull, UK. Ann R Coll Surg Engl. 2014 Mar; 96(2): 106–110.
56. Mayr E. Tibial fractures // Chirurg, 2002, 73: 642–661; quiz 662–663.
57. Mubder A., Mohammad S. Treatment of closed unstable tibial shaft fracture by a unilateral uniplaner external fixation. Is a second operative step necessary? Bas J Surg, September, 11, 2005.
58. Müller T.S., Sommer C. Minimally invasive plate osteosynthesis of the distal tibia // Oper. Orthop. Traumatol. 2012. Vol. 24, No 4-5. P. 354-367.
59. Naveen Chauhan, Somashekarappa T., Singh Ajit, Gaurav Singh, Arjun Rawal. Interlocking Nail in Diaphyseal Fracture of Tibia A Clinical Study // International Journal of Contemporary Medical Research. June 2016. Volume 3. Issue 6. ICV: 50.43.
60. Nicola Maffulli, Andrew D. Toms, Andrew McMurtie, Francesco Oliva Percutaneous plating of distal tibial fractures. International Orthopaedics (SICOT) 2004. 28:159–162
61. Orfaly R., Keating J.E., O’Brien P.J. Knee pain after tibial nailing: does the entry point matter? // J. Bone Joint Surg. (Br.). 1995. Vol. 77. P. 976- 977.
62. Pedro José Labronici, Robinson Esteves Santos Pires, Junji Miller Fukuyama, José Sérgio Franco Bridge-Plating Technique for Tibial Shaft Fractures: Is Rotation Deformity a Rare Complication the online version of this article abjs.mums.ac.ir. // Arch Bone Jt Surg. 2017; 5(5): 290-295.
63. Peleg Ben-Galim, Yishai Rosenblatt; Nata Parnes, Shmuel Dekel, Ely L. Steinberg Intramedullary Fixation of Tibial Shaft Fractures Using an Expandable Nail. Clinical orthopaedics and related research. № 455, pp. 234–240
64. Peter A. Cole, Michael Zlowodzki, Philip J. Kregor, Treatment of Proximal Tibia Fractures Using the Less Invasive Stabilization System Surgical Experience and Early Clinical Results in 77 Fractures // J Orthop Trauma 2004;18:528–535
65. Russell T.A. Fractures of the tibial diaphysis. In: Levine AM (ed.), Orthopaedic knowledge update trauma. Rosemont (IL): American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons, 1996; 171–179.
66. Reynders P.A., Broos P.L. Healing of closed femoral shaft fractures treated with the AO unreamed femoral nail. A comparative study with the AO reamed femoral nail. Injury, 31: 367–371, 2000.
67. Robinson C.M., O’Donnell J., Will E., Keating J.F. Dropped hallux after the intramedullary nailing of tibial fractures. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 1999;81:481 4.
68. Rüedi T.P, Buckley R.E, Moran C.G. AO principles of fracture management. 2007. Vol. 1, 252-258
69. Sarmiento A., Gersten L.M., Sobol P.A. et al. Tibial shaft fractures treated with functional braces. Experience with 780 fractures // J. Bone Joint Surg. (Br.). 1989. Vol. 71, №4. Р. 602-609.
70. Schutz M., Sudkamp N.P. Revolution in plate osteosyn - thesis: new internal fixator systems // J. Orthop. Sci., 8: 252–258, 2003
71. Shannon F.J. Unreamed intramedullary nail versus external fixation in grade III open tibial fractures // J. Trauma. 2002. Vol. 52, №4. P. 650-654.
72. Singer R.W., Kellam J.F. Open tibial diaphyseal fractures. Results of undreamed locked intramedullary nailing // Clin Orthop Relat Res. 1995;315:114–8.
73. Stürmer K.M. Leitlinien Unfallchirurgie. Vol. 2. Volume. 1999: Thieme Stuttgart, New York, 1999, 184–196.
74. Uhthoff H.K., Boisvert D., Finnegan M. Cortical porosis under plates. Reaction to unloading or to necrosis? // J. Bone Joint Surg. (Am.). 1994. Vol. 76, №10. P. 1507-1512.
75. Wu C.C. Reaming bone grafting to treat tibial shaft aseptic nonunion after plating // J. Orthop. Surg. 2003. Vol. 11 (1). P. 16-21.
76. Zulfiqar A.Q., Syed-Wasif A.SH., Muhammad Z. Concept of Conservative Management of Displaced Tibial Shaft Fractures in Advanced Orthopaedic Era of Internal Fixation // Original article. Vol. 7 №.2 Apr.-Jun 2013, P. 361
References:
1. Alferov D.E. Primenenie intramedulliarnogo osteosinteza pri perelomakh dlinnykh trubchatykh kostei v g. Spasske-Dal'nem Primorskogo kraia [The use of intramedullary osteosynthesis for long tubular bone fractures in the town of Spassk-Dalniy of the Primorsky Krai]. Novoe v Travmatologii i Ortopedii: Vseros. nauch.-prakt. konf. Samara, 2012. pp 25-26
2. Klimovitskii V.G., Chernysh V.Iu., Khatem Lafi, Tantsiura V.P. Analiz kriteriev vybora sposoba osteosinteza vnesustavnykh perelomov kostei goleni (retrospektivnoe issledovanie) [The analysis of selecting the technique of osteosynthesis of extraarticular leg fractures] [An electronic resourсe]. Travma [Injury]. 2013. T. 14, N 1. URL: www.mif-ua.com (data obrashcheniia: 13.07.2014).
3. Maiseenok P.V., Pakh A.V., Mironov A.N. Lechenie perelomov dlinnykh trubchatykh kostei u detei po tekhnologii ESIN [Treatment of long tubular bone fractures in children according to ESIN technology. Margo Anterior. 2009. N 3. pp. 13-15.
4. Matveev A.L. Lechenie bol'nyh s diafizarnymi perelomami kostej goleni so smeshheniem otlomkov [Treatment of patients with diaphyseal fractures of the shin bones with displacement of fragments] diss. kand. med. Nauk [diss. Cand. Sciences] 14.00.22. Samara, 1998. 112.
5. Prokop'ev N.Ja. Zakrytye perelomy goleni. [Closed fractures of the tibia]. Tjumen' [Tyumen] 1991. 184.
6. Prokop'ev A.N. Rezul''taty lechenya zakrytykh diafizarnykh perelomov kostei goleni apparatom Ilizarova u muzhchin razlichnykh somatotipov [Results of treatment of closed diaphiseral bone heart releases with ilzarov apparatus in men of different somatotypes]. Vestnik JuUrGU, [Bulletin of SUSU]. 2009. №20. pp. 88-90.
7. Tkachenko S.S., Ruckii V.V. Rezul'taty elektrostimulyatsii osteoreparatsii pri operativnom lechenii perelomov kostei goleni [Results of electrostimulation of osteoreparation in operative treatment of crural fractures of bone] Ortopediya, travmatologiya i protezirovanie. [Orthopedics, traumatology and prosthetics].1982. №3. pp. 4-9.
8. Uteshev M.Sh., Valiev E.M. Primenenie apparatov vneshnei strezhnevoi fiksatsii v kompleksnom lechenii bol'nykh s politravmoi [The use of external rod fixators in complex treatment of patients with polytrauma]. Khirurgiia Uzbekistana [Surgery of Uzbekistan]. 2005. N 3. pp. 81-85.
9. Shtanakov O.N. O sistemnom lechenii perelomov kostei goleni v usloviyakh sel'skokhozyaistvennogo raiona [About the systemic treatment of fractures of the lower leg bones in the conditions of an agricultural area] Ortopediya, travmatologiya i protezirovanie [Orthopedics, traumatology and prosthetics].1991. №9. pp. 39-42.
10. Jakimanskaya Yu.O. Lechenie bol'nykh s perelomami kostei goleni metodom chreskostnogo osteosinteza po Ilizarovu v sochetanii s girudoterapiei (kliniko-eksperimental'noe issledovanie) [Treatment of patients with fractures of the shin bones by the method of transosseous osteosynthesis by Ilizarov in combination with hirudotherapy (clinical and experimental study)]. avtoreferat kand. med.nauk [Abstract of Cand. medical science]: 14.01.15.-Kurgan, 2011.
11. Jamkovoi A.D. Osteosintez perelomov dlinnykh kostei konechnostei gvozdyami s plasticheskoi deformatsiei (klinicheskoe issledovanie) [Osteosynthesis of fractures of long bones of legs with nails with plastic deformation (clinical study)] 14.01.15. Travmatologiya i ortopediya kand.dissert. [Traumatology and Orthopedics dissertation for the degree of candidate of medical sciences]. Moskow. 2017. 198p.
12. Andalib Z., Sheikhbahaei E., Mohammad A.T., Effectiveness of Minimally Invasive Plate Osteosynthesis (MIPO) on Comminuted Tibial or Femoral Fractures. Arch Bone Jt Surg. 2017. Sep; 5(5): 290–295.
13. Anuar-Ramdhan I.M., Med Orth M., Azahari I.M. Minimally Invasive Plate Osteosynthesis with Conventional Compression Plate for Diaphyseal Tibia Fracture. Malaysian Orthopaedic Journal. 2014. Vol 8. No 3.
14. Bahtiyar Demiralp, Ali Sabri Atesalp, Murat Bozkurt, Dogan Bek, Ersin Tasatan, Cagatay Ozturk, Mustafa Basbozkurt Spiral and Oblique Fractures of Distal One-Third of Tibia-Fibula: Treatment Results with Circular External Fixator. Ann Acad med Singapore. 2007; 36: 267-71
15. Bhandary M., Guyatt G.H., Swiontkowski M.F. et al. Surgeons preferences for the operative treatment of fractures of the tibial shaft. An international survey. J. Bone Joint Surg. 1996. Vol. 83, №11. P. 1746-1752.
16. Bhandari M., Guyatt G., Tornetta P., Schemitsch E.H., Swiontkowski M., Sanders D., et al. Randomized trial of reamed and unreamed intramedullary nailing of tibial shaft fractures. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2008;90:2567–78.
17. Blachut P.A., Meek R.N., O’Brien P.J. External fixation and delayed intramedullary nailing of open fractures of the tibial shaft. J. Bone Joint Surg. 1990. Vol. 72, №5. P. 729-735
18. Blachut P.A., O’Brien P.J., Meek R.N. et al. Interlocking intramedullary nailing with and without reaming for the treatment of closed fractures of the tibial shaft. J. Bone Joint Surg. 1997. Vol. 79, №5. P. 640- 646.
19. Blachut P.A., O’Brien P.J., Meek R.N., Broekhuyse H.M. Interlocking intramedullary nailing with and without reaming for the treatment of closed fractures of the tibial shaft. A prospective, randomized study. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1997;79:640–6.
20. Bode G., Strohm P.C., Südkamp N.P., Hammer T.O. Tibial Shaft Fractures – Management and Treatment Options. A Review of the Current Literature Zlomeniny diafýzy tibie – možnosti ošetření a léčení. Přehled literatury. Acta chirurgiae orthopaedicae et traumatologiae čechosl., 79, 2012, p. 499–505.
21. Bone L.B., Sucato D., Stegemann P.M., Rohrbacher B.J. Displaced Isolated Fractures of the Tibial Shaft Treated with Either a Cast or Intramedullary Nailing. J. Bone Joint Surg. 1997. Vol. 79, №9. P. 1336-1341.
22. Bostman O.M. Spiral fractures of the shaft of the tibia. Initial displacement and stability of reduction. J. Bone Joint Surg. 1986. Vol.68, №3. P.462-466.
23. Brown P.W., Urbin J.G. Early weight0bearing treatment of open fractures of the tibia: an end-result study of sixty-three cases. J. Bone Joint Surg. 1969. Vol. 51, №1. Р. 59-75.
24. Burkhalter W.E., Protzman R. The tibial shaft fracture. J. Trauma. 1975. Vol. 15. P. 785-794.
25. Coles C.P., Gross M.: Closed tibial shaft fractures: management and treatment complications. A review of the prospective literature. Can. J. Surg., 2000, 43: 256–262,.
26. Court-Brown C.M., Gustilo T., Shaw A.D. Knee pain after intramedullary tibial nailing: its incidence, etiology, and outcome. J. Orthop. Trauma. 1997. №11. P. 103-105.
27. Dehne E., Metz C.W., Deffer P.A., Hall R.M. Nonoperative treatment of the fractured tibia by immediate weight-bearing. J. Trauma. 1961. №1. P. 514-535.
28. De Smet K., Mostert A.K., De Witte J., De Brauwer V., Verdonk R. Closed intramedullary tibial nailing using the Marchetti±Vicenzi nail Its use in closed and open fractures Injury, Int. J. Care Injured 31. (2000), 597±603
29. Dior Ghafil, Pieter Ackerman, Renaud Baillon, Rene Verdonk, Philippe Delince; Expandable intramedullary nails for fixation of tibial shaft fractures. Acta Orthop. Belg., 2012, 78, 779-785
30. Eben A. Carroll, and L. Andrew Koman, External Fixation and Temporary Stabilization of Femoral and Tibial Trauma. Journal of Surgical Orthopaedic Advances 20(1):74–81, 2011
31. Egol AK, Koval KJ, Zuckerman DJ. Lower extremity fractures and dislocations. In: Egol AK, Koval KJ, Zuckerman DJ editors. Handbook of fractures. 4th ed. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; Wolters Kluwer health; 2010. pp. 464-75.
32. Emami A., Mjoberg B., Ragnarsson B., Larsson S. Changing epidemiology of tibial shaft fractures. 513 cases compared between 1971-1975 and 1986-1990. Acta Orthop. Scand. 1996. Vol. 67, №6. P. 557-561.
33. Fortis A.P., Dimas A., Lamprakis A.A. Expandable nailing system for tibial shaft fractures. Injury. 2008;39:940–6.
34. Grecco M.A., do Prado Jr.I., Rocha M.A., de Barros J.W. Epidemiology of tibial shaft fractures. Acta Orthop. Bras. 2002. Vol. 10, №4. P. 10-17.
35. Greenwood D.C., Muir K.R., Doherty M., Milner S.A., Stevens M., Davis T.R. Conservatively managed tibial shaft fractures in Nottingham, UK: are pain, osteoarthritis, and disability longterm complications? Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health 1997;51:701-704
36. Hammer T.O. et al.: Effect of re-implanted particles from in - intramedullary reaming on mechanical properties and callus formation. A laboratory study. J. Bone Jt Surg., 2007. 89-B: 1534–1538.
37. Hasenboehler E., Rikli D., Babst R. Locking compression plate with minimally invasive plate osteosynthesis in diaphyseal and distal tibial fracture: a retrospective study of 32 patients. Injury. 2007. Vol. 38, No 3. P. 365-370.
38. Hogel F. et al.: Fracture healing after reamed and unreamed intramedullary nailing in sheep tibia. Injury, 42: 667–674, 2011.
39. Hooper G.J., Keddell R.G., Penny I.D. Conservative management or closed nailing for tibial shaft fractures. J. Bone Joint Surg. 1991. Vol.73, №1. Р.83-85.
40. Hooper R.G. Keddell I.D., Penny conservative management or closed nailing for tibial shaft fractures a randomised prospective trial. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 1991 Jan;73(1):83-5.
41. Hynes D.E., Conere T., Mee M.B., Cashman W.F. Ionising radiation and the orthopaedic surgeon. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 1992;74:332–4.
42. Hussain J. Al-Khatteib, Wejdi A. Al Fatlawy and Ihsan A. QMJ. Vol. 6. No.9. 121
43. Izzet Bingol, Nadir Yalcin, Vedat Bicici, Tolga Tulunay, Kaan Yuksel and Kasim Kilicarslan. Minimally Invasive Percutaneous Plate Osteosynthesis Does Not Increase Complication Rates in Extra-Articular Distal Tibial Fractures. The Open Orthopaedics Journal. 2015, 9, 73-77.
44. James Beazley a, Cyril Mauffrey, David Seligson. Treatment of acute tibial shaft fractures with an expandable nailing system: A systematic review of the literature. Injury, Int. J. Care Injured. 42 (2011) S4, S11–S16
45. Juan Manuel Concha Sandoval, José Luis Osma Rueda, Alejandro Sandoval Daza. Management of diaphyseal tibial fractures by plate fixation with absolute or relative stability: a retrospective study of 45 patients. Trauma Surg Acute Care Open 2017;2:1–5.
46. Karladani A.H., Granhed H., Edshage B. et al. Displaced tibial shaft fractures. A prospective randomized study of closed intramedullary nailing versus cast treatment in 53 patients. Acta Orthop. Scand. 2000; Vol. 71, №2. P. 160-167.
47. Kaushal M., Chhabra M.S., Sen R.K., Bahadur R. Biomechanical considerations in application of unilateral external fixators. Indian J. of orthopaedics. 4 p. // www . indiaorth .org /ijo /index. Htm
48. Keating J.F., O’Brien P.J., Blachut P.A. et al. Locking intramedullary nailing with and without reaming for open fractures of the tibial shaft. J. Bone Joint Surg. 1997. Vol. 79, №3. P. 334- 341.
49. Khatod M., et al.: Outcomes in open tibia fractures: relation - ship between delay in treatment and infection. J. Trauma, 55: 949–954, 2003.
50. Khayas Omer K, Arun K and Ravikumar V. Outcome of regular nailing in fracture of proximal third tibial shaft. International Journal of Orthopaedics Sciences, 2016; 2(3): 142-148.
51. Koval K.J., Clapper M.F., Brumback R.J., Ellison P.S., Poka A., Bathon G.H., et al. Complications of reamed intramedullary nailing of the tibia. J Orthop Trauma 1991;5:184–9. 5.
52. Kreb D.L., Blokhuis T.J., van Wessem K.J., Bemelman M., Lansink K.W., Leenen L.P. Intramedullary nailing without interlocking screws for femoral and tibial shaft fractures. Arch. Orthop. Trauma Surg. 2013. Vol. 133, No 8. P. 1109-1113.
53. Kürşat Gençer, Fırat Ozan, Kaan Gürbüz, Erdal Uzun, Mustafa Özyalçın, Eyyüp Sabri Öncel, Fuat Duygulu. Result of the Fixation of Tibial Shaft Fractures by the Inflatable Intramedullary Nail. J Ann Eu Med 2016;4(2): 22-5.
54. Levin P.E., Schoen R.Jr., Browner B.D. Radiation exposure to the surgeon during closed interlocking intramedullary nailing. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1987;69:761–6.
55. Menakaya C.U., Rigby A.S., Hadland Y., Barron E., Sharma H.. Fracture healing following high energy tibial trauma: Ilizarov versus Taylor Spatial Frame Hull and East Yorkshire Hospitals NHS Trust, UK University of Hull, UK. Ann R Coll Surg Engl. 2014 Mar; 96(2): 106–110.
56. Mayr E. Tibial fractures Chirurg, 73: 642–661; quiz 662–663, 2002.
57. Mubder A Mohammad-Saeed Treatment of closed unstable tibial shaft fracture by a unilateral uniplaner external fixation. Is a second operative step necessary? Bas J Surg, September, 11, 2005.
58. Müller T.S., Sommer C. Minimally invasive plate osteosynthesis of the distal tibia. Oper. Orthop. Traumatol. 2012. Vol. 24, No 4-5. P. 354-367.
59. Naveen Chauhan, T.Somashekarappa, Ajit Singh, Gaurav Singh, Arjun Rawal. Interlocking Nail in Diaphyseal Fracture of Tibia –A Clinical Study. International Journal of Contemporary Medical Research. June 2016. Volume 3 . Issue 6. ICV: 50.43.
60. Nicola Maffulli, Andrew D. Toms, Andrew McMurtie, Francesco Oliva Percutaneous plating of distal tibial fractures. International Orthopaedics (SICOT). 2004. 28:159–162
61. Orfaly R., Keating J.E., O’Brien P.J. Knee pain after tibial nailing: does the entry point matter? J. Bone Joint Surg. 1995. Vol. 77. P. 976- 977.
62. Pedro José Labronici1, Robinson Esteves Santos Pires2, Junji Miller Fukuyama3, José Sérgio Franco4 Bridge-Plating Technique for Tibial Shaft Fractures: Is Rotation Deformity a Rare Complication the online version of this article abjs.mums.ac.ir Arch Bone Jt Surg. 2017; 5(5): 290-295.
63. Peleg Ben-Galim, Yishai Rosenblatt, Nata Parnes, Shmuel Dekel, Ely L. Steinberg, Intramedullary Fixation of Tibial Shaft Fractures Using an Expandable Nail. Clinical orthopaedics and related research. № 455, pp. 234–240
64. Peter A. Cole, Michael Zlowodzki, Philip J. Kregor, Treatment of Proximal Tibia Fractures Using the Less Invasive Stabilization System Surgical Experience and Early Clinical Results in 77 Fractures. J Orthop Trauma 2004;18:528–535
65. Russell T.A. Fractures of the tibial diaphysis. Orthopaedic knowledge update trauma. Rosemont (IL): American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons, 1996; 171–179.
66. Reynders P.A., Broos P.L. Healing of closed femoral shaft fractures treated with the AO unreamed femoral nail. A comparative study with the AO reamed femoral nail. Injury, 31: 367–371, 2000.
67. Robinson C.M., O’Donnell J., Will E., Keating J.F. Dropped hallux after the intramedullary nailing of tibial fractures. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 1999;81:481 4.
68. Rüedi T.P, Buckley R.E, Moran C.G. AO principles of fracture management. 2007. Vol. 1, pp.256
69. Sarmiento A., Gersten L.M., Sobol P.A. et al. Tibial shaft fractures treated with functional braces. Experience with 780 fractures. J. Bone Joint Surg. 1989. Vol. 71, №4. Р. 602-609.
70. Schutz M., Sudkamp N.P. Revolution in plate osteosyn - thesis: new internal fixator systems. J. Orthop. Sci., 8: 252–258, 2003
71. Shannon F.J., Unreamed intramedullary nail versus external fixation in grade III open tibial fractures. J. Trauma. 2002. Vol. 52, №4. P. 650-654.
72. Singer R.W., Kellam J.F. Open tibial diaphyseal fractures. Results of undreamed locked intramedullary nailing. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 1995;315:114–8.
73. Stürmer K.M. Leitlinien Unfallchirurgie. Vol. 2. Volume. 1999: Thieme Stuttgart, New York, 1999, 184–196.
74. Uhthoff H.K., Boisvert D., Finnegan M. Cortical porosis under plates. Reaction to unloading or to necrosis? J. Bone Joint Surg. 1994. Vol. 76, №10. P. 1507-1512.
75. Wu C.C. Reaming bone grafting to treat tibial shaft aseptic nonunion after plating. J. Orthop. Surg. 2003. Vol. 11 (1). P. 16-21.
Zulfiqar A.Q., Syed-Wasif A.Sh., Muhammad Z. Concept of Conservative Management of Displaced Tibial Shaft Fractures in Advanced Orthopaedic Era of Internal Fixation. Original article. Vol. 7 NO.2 Apr – Jun 2013 P 361Bibliography link
Токтаров Е.Н., Жанаспаев М.А., Тлемисов А.С., Джунусов Т.Г., Мысаев А.О., Касымов К.Т. Лечение диафизарных переломов костей голени. Обзор литературы // Наука и Здравоохранение. 2018. 6 (Т.20). С. 58-69.
Toktarov Ye.N., Zhanaspaev M.А., Tlemissov A.S., Dzhunusov T.G., Myssayev A.О., Kassymov K.T. Treatment of tibial shaft fracture. Literature review. Nauka i Zdravookhranenie [Science & Healthcare]. 2018, (Vol.20) 6, pp. 58-69.
Токтаров Е.Н., Жанаспаев М.А., Тлемисов А.С., Джунусов Т.Г., Мысаев А.О., Касымов К.Т. Сирақ сүйектерінің диафизарлы сынықтары кезіндегі емдеу. Әдебиеттік шолу // Ғылым және Денсаулық сақтау. 2018. 6 (Т.20). Б. 58-69.