OVERVIEW OF THE MAIN CLINICAL AND EPIDEMIOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF COVID-19
Relevance: SARS-CoV-2 (Severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus 2) is a enveloped single-stranded (+) RNA virus. First identified in late 2019, it causes a dangerous, highly contagious infectious disease, COVID-19. In Kazakhstan, the first case of COVID-19 infection was registered on March 13, 2020. The detection and spread of the emerging respiratory pathogen is accompanied by uncertainty about its key epidemiological, clinical and virological characteristics and, in particular, its ability to spread in the population and virulence (ratio of incidence and severity). However, to date, scientists have established the presence of multiple mutations in translatable and non-translatable regions of the coronavirus genome worldwide. Mutation of the virus genome and the spread of new strains of the virus are still ongoing. Understanding and monitoring the genetic evolution of the virus, its geographic characteristics and stability is particularly important to control the spread of the disease and especially to develop a universal vaccine covering all circulating strains.
As with many new respiratory pathogens, the basic epidemiological, clinical parameters of the virus and the dynamics of the outbreak are unknown. Factors influencing the course of COVID-19 and the development of complications, also affecting the disease burden, have also not been studied.
Objective: to review studies to obtain information on a wide range of clinical and epidemiological characteristics of the disease, to assess the mechanism of the course of complications in patients with COVID-19.
Search strategy: searches were conducted using PubMed, Scopus, ScienceDirect, Elsevier databases using the keywords: «clinical characteristics», «epidemiology of COVID-19» OR «epidemiology of coronavirus disease», «risk factors of COVID-19», «complications of COVID-19», «close contacts of COVID-19», «basic reproductive number of COVID-19». A total of 100 articles for the years 2020 and 2021 were reviewed, fr om which 82 articles on the topic of the search were selected. Articles that dealt separately with specific issues of pathogenesis of disease development, treatment of coronavirus infection, disease development in animals, course of the disease in pregnant women, medical workers were excluded.
Search result: 82 articles by authors from Central Asia, Europe and the USA were analyzed, wh ere the main clinical and epidemiological characteristics of coronavirus infection were highlighted. Thus, the time from the moment of contact to the manifestation of symptoms averaged from 2 to 7 days. Common clinical signs that were most frequently seen in the infected were such symptoms as fever (not in all cases), cough, sore throat, headache, fatigue, myalgia and dyspnea. The presence of comorbidities such as arterial hypertension (21.1%, 95% CI: 13.0-27.2%) and diabetes (9.7%, 95% CI: 7.2-12.2%), cardiovascular disease (8.4%, 95% CI: 3.8-13.8%) and respiratory disease (1.5%, 95% CI: 0.9-2.1%) increased the chance of ICU hospitalization.
Elmira K. Kaidar1, http://orcid.org/0000-0003-1331-9152
Marzhan A. Dauletyarova2, http://orcid.org/0000-0001-8178-4051
Astana Medical University,
1 Department of Public Health and Epidemiology,
2 Department of Public Health and Management,
Nur-Sultan, Republic of Kazakhstan
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Kaidar E., Dauletyarova M. Overview of the main clinical and epidemiological characteristics of COVID-19 // Nauka i Zdravookhranenie [Science & Healthcare]. 2021, (Vol.23) 6, pp. 31-37. doi 10.34689/SH.2021.23.6.003Related publications:
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