HISTORICAL OUTLINE OF THE STAGES OF DEVELOPMENT OF SPINAL ANESTHESIA, DELIVERY EQUIPMENT FOR LOCAL ANESTHETICS AND CURRENT TRENDS IN PAIN MANAGEMENT OF UNILATERAL OPERATIONS ON THE LOWER EXTREMITIES
Introduction. There is a large amount of literature and a wealth of data on indications, contraindications, administration technique, and the necessary equipment for the correct performance of spinal anesthesia (SA). For completeness of perception and possibly also to optimize the technical aspects of SA, in order to minimize the risks associated with this type of anesthesia, it is useful for specialists who routinely perform this type of anesthesia and encounter various complications of subarachnoid puncture and the introduction of a local anesthetic to know the history of regional anesthesia, the evolution of SA equipment, as well as current trends in this type of anesthesia.
Aim. To analyze the literature reflecting the current information on the development of spinal anesthesia from the very first evidence, to the most advanced SA techniques, the history of the development of spinal needles, possible complications associated with the spinal puncture technique, as well as an informed choice of the safest and most effective method of anesthesia.
Search strategy. This study includes publications taken for analysis from the most relevant databases such as PubMed, Embase, Scopus, Web of Science, e-library and cyberleninka. Key queries included the following terms: regional anesthesia, spinal anesthesia, unilateral spinal anesthesia, spinal anesthesia needle, electrical nerve stimulation. The depth of the search is mainly up to 10 years, however, there were also works of earlier years that have significant scientific value. Initially, according to search queries, 113 articles were found, of which 76 were selected for review.
Results and conclusions. This historical overview of spinal anesthesia combines both early and more recent experience of the scientific and clinical use of spinal anesthesia in a historical context. The history of the appearance of the prerequisites and the first cases of the use of spinal anesthesia, the stages of the invention of various types of needles and local anesthetics, as well as the features of the SA technique at various spinal levels are outlined.
The data presented in the article allow us to take a fresh look at the known methods of anesthesia, and the ways of modernizing spinal anesthesia proposed by the authors allow us to fully unlock the potential for a seemingly standard method of anesthesia and help us to improve it both in scientific and clinical aspects.
Yernar D. Mamyrov1, https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4070-2165
Daulet U. Mamyrov1, https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7887-1736
Yoshihiro Noso2, https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3477-1260
Marat K. Syzdykbaev3, https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0561-4111
1 Department of Emergency Medicine, Pavlodar Branch of NCJSC “Semey Medical University” Pavlodar, Republic of Kazakhstan;
2 Department of Health Services Management, Hiroshima International University, Hiroshima, Japan;
3 Department of Surgery, Anesthesiology and Reanimatology, NCJSC “Semey Medical University”, Semey, Republic of Kazakhstan.
1. Гельфанд Б.Р. и др. Унилатеральная субарахноидальная анестезия при операциях на венах нижних конечностей // Вестник Российского государственного медицинского университета. 2011. № 3. С. 39-42.
2. Козырев А.С., Ульрих Г.Э., Заболотский Д.В., Кулёв А.Г., Качалова Е.Г., и др. Монолатеральная спинальная анестезия у детей. ФГБУ «Российский ордена Трудового Красного Знамени научно-исследовательский институт травматологии и ортопедии им. Р.Р.Вредена» Министерства здравоохранения Российской Федерации, 2010. C.13–17.
3. Константинова Г.Д., Донская Е.Д., Эпштейн С. Л. Хирургическое лечение варикозной болезни нижних конечностей у лиц старше 60 лет в стационаре краткосрочного пребывания // Новости хирургии. 2012. № 4 (16). C. 50–58.
4. Корнеев С.В. Применение односторонней спинальной анестезии при операциях на нижних конечностях в травматологии // Вестник хирургии Казахстана. 2011. № 3 (27). C. 36–37.
5. Лахин Р.Е. и др. Экспериментальное исследование гидродинамики гипербарического раствора, вводимого через спинальные иглы различных типов и калибров // Анестезиологическая и реаниматологическая помощь больным. 2013. № 2 (10). C. 3–8.
6. Лахин Р.Е. и др. Гидродинамика гипербарического раствора на модели «Стеклянная спина», вводимого через спинальные иглы различных типов и калибров // Вестник анестезиологии и реаниматологии. 2013. № 3 (10). C. 33–39.
7. Лахин Р.Е. Селективная спинальная анестезия у больных, раненых и пострадавших. докт. дис. - СПб.: 2016. C. 36.
8. Мамыров Д.У., Мамыров Е.Д. Способ идентификации субарахноидального пространства. Патент РК, рег. №24342, 2011.
9. Мамыров Д.У., Мамыров Е.Д. Способ комбинированной эпидурально-спинальной анестезии (КЭСА). Патент РК, рег. №24504, 2011.
10. Мамыров Е.Д., Сыздыкбаев М.К., Мамыров Д. У. Способ монолатеральной спинальной анестезии с электронейростимуляцией. Патент РК, рег.. №34398, 2020.
11. Соатов А.Р., Семенихин А.А. Пути снижения операционно-анестезиологического риска при опера-циях на нижних конечностях у гериатрических больных с недостаточностью кровообращения // Регионарная анестезия и лечение острой боли. 2013. № 1 (7). C. 33–37.
12. Шадурский Н.Н., Кузьмин В.В., Вощинин А.В. Методика односторонней эпидуральной анестезии при эндопротезировании коленного сустава // Регионарная анестезия и лечение острой боли. 2012. № 4 (6). C. 22–28.
13. Adriani J., Roman-Vega D. Saddle block anesthesia // American Journal of Surgery. 1946. (71). C. 12–18.
14. Aglan M.Y., Stansby P.K. Modification to the Sprotte spinal needle // Anaesthesia. 1992. № 6 (47). C. 506–507.
15. Allegri M. et al. Italian Registry of Complications associated with Regional Anesthesia (RICALOR). An incidence analysis from a prospective clinical survey // Minerva Anestesiologica. 2016. № 4 (82). C. 392–402.
16. ACiurea V., Cl. Palade Professor Thoma Ionescu – founder of modern surgical practice in Romania 2010. (XVII 2). C. 137–142.
17. Babcock W.W. The technique of spinal anesthesia. 1914. C. 50: 637-702.
18. Baldini G. et al. Postoperative urinary retention: anesthetic and perioperative considerations // Anesthesiology. 2009. № 5 (110). C. 1139–1157.
19. Barbosa F.T. et al. Neuraxial anaesthesia for lower-limb revascularization ( Review ) // Cochrane Database of systhematic reviews. 2013. № 7.
20. Barker A.E. A report on clinical experiences with spinal analgesia in 100 cases, and some reflections on the procedure // British Medical Journal. 1907. № 2412 (1). C. 665–674.
21. Basurto Ona Xavier. et al. Drug therapy for preventing post-dural puncture headache // Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2013. № 2. C. CD001792.
22. Bergmann I. et al. Selective unilateral spinal anaesthesia for outpatient knee arthroscopy using real-time monitoring of lower limb sympathetic tone // Anaesthesia and Intensive Care. 2015. № 3 (43). C. 351–356.
23. Bier A. Versuche über Cocainisirung des Rückenmarkes 1899. C. 361–369.
24. Broadbent C. R. et al. Ability of anaesthetists to identify a marked lumbar interspace // Anaesthesia. 2000. № 11 (55). C. 1122–1126.
25. Büttner B. et al. Einseitige Spinalanästhesie // Der Anaesthesist. 2016. № 11 (65). C. 847–865.
26. Büttner B. et al. [Unilateral spinal anesthesia : Literature review and recommendations] // Der Anaesthesist. 2016. № 11 (65). C. 847–865.
27. Cappelleri G. et al. Spinal anesthesia with hyperbaric levobupivacaine and ropivacaine for outpatient knee arthroscopy: a prospective, randomized, double-blind study. // Anesthesia and analgesia. 2005. № 1 (101). C. 77–82, table of contents.
28. Casati A. et al. Randomized comparison between sevoflurane anaesthesia and unilateral spinal anaesthesia in elderly patients undergoing orthopaedic surgery. // European journal of anaesthesiology. 2003. № 8 (20). C. 640–6.
29. Casati A. et al. A prospective, randomized, double-blind comparison of unilateral spinal anesthesia with hyperbaric bupivacaine, ropivacaine, or levobupivacaine for inguinal herniorrhaphy // Anesthesia and Analgesia. 2004. № 5 (99). C. 1387–1392.
30. Cicekci F. et al. Is unilateral spinal anesthesia superior to bilateral spinal anesthesia in unilateral inguinal regional surgery? // Middle East journal of anaesthesiology. 2014. № 6 (22). C. 591–6.
31. Corning J.L. Spinal anesthesia and local medication of the cord. 1885. C. 42: 483–5.
32. Cristea I. Un secol de anestezie spinală în România , 1899. C. 402 p.
33. Ding Y. et al. Combined low dose local anesthetics and opioids versus single use of LA for transurethral urological surgery: A meta-analysis // Nigerian Journal of Clinical Practice. 2015.
34. Enk D. et al. Success rate of unilateral spinal anesthesia is dependent on injection flow // Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine. 2001. № 5 (26). C. 420–427.
35. Esmaoglu A. et al. Bilateral vs. unilateral spinal anesthesia for outpatient knee arthroscopies. // Knee surgery, sports traumatology, arthroscopy : official journal of the ESSKA. 2004. № 2 (12). C. 155–8.
36. Fitzgerald J.P. et al. Prevention of hypotension after spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section: a systematic review and network meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials // Anaesthesia. 2020. № 1 (75). C. 109–121.
37. Gao L. et al. Effects of prophylactic ondansetron on spinal anesthesia-induced hypotension: a meta-analysis // International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia. 2015. № 4 (24). C. 335–343.
38. Ghaleb A., Khorasani A., Mangar D. Post-dural puncture headache // International Journal of General Medicine. 2012. (5). C. 45–51.
39. Greene H.M. A technique to reduce the incidence of headache following lumbar puncture in ambulatory patients with a plea for more frequent examination of cerebrospinal fluids. // Northwest Medicine. 1923. C. 22: 240–5.
40. Hajibandeh S. et al. Meta-Analysis of Spinal Anesthesia Versus General Anesthesia During Laparoscopic Total Extraperitoneal Repair of Inguinal Hernia // Surgical Laparoscopy, Endoscopy & Percutaneous Techniques. 2020. № 4 (30). C. 371–380.
41. Haraldson S. Headache after spinal anesthesia: experiments with a new spinal needle // Anesthesiology. 1951. № 3 (12). C. 321–327.
42. Hart J.R., Whitacre R.J. Pencil-point needle in prevention of postspinal headache // Journal of the American Medical Association. 1951. № 7 (147). C. 657–658.
43. Imbelloni L. Spinal hemianesthesia: Unilateral and posterior // Anesthesia: Essays and Researches. 2014. № 3 (8). C. 270.
44. Jonnesco T. Quatre cas d’ analgésie par injection de cocaine dans le sac lombaire 1900. (II).
45. Jonnesco T. La rachianesthésie générale. / Jonnesco T, 12-е изд., Paris, France: Masson, 1919.
46. Kosem B. An unusual complication of anesthesia: Unilateral spinal myoclonus // Ağrı - The Journal of The Turkish Society of Algology. 2016. № April (29). C. 90–91.
47. Kumar Singh T. et al. Unilateral Spinal Anaesthesia for Lower Limb Orthopaedic Surgery Using Low Dose Bupivacaine with Fentanyl or Clonidine: A Randomised Control Study // Journal of Anesthesia & Clinical Research. 2014. № 12 (05). C. 5.
48. Labat G. Local, Regional and spinal anesthesia // Annals of Surgery. 1921. C. 74: 673-83.
49. Lund P.C. Principles and Practice of Spinal Anesthesia, Springfield: Charles Thomas-е изд., 1971.
50. Magar J.S., Bawdane K.D., Patil R. Comparison of Efficacy and Safety of Unilateral Spinal Anaesthesia with Sequential Combined Spinal Epidural Anaesthesia for Lower Limb Orthopaedic Surgery // 2017 Jul, Vol-11(7): С. 17-20.
51. Mamyrov Y.D. et al. Optimized Method of Unilateral Spinal Anesthesia: A Double-blind, Randomized Clinical Study // Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine. 2023. № 2 (13). С. 1-8.
52. Marx G.F. The first spinal anesthesia. Who deserves the laurels? // Regional Anesthesia. 1994. № 6 (19). C. 429–430.
53. Maxson L.H. Spinal Anesthesia: Its Technique, Records, and Results // California and Western Medicine. 1933. № 5 (39). C. 292–297.
54. Maxson L.H. Spinal Anesthesia. // Philadelphia: JB Lippincott. 1938.
55. Moosavi Tekye S. M., Alipour M. Comparison of the effects and complications of unilateral spinal anesthesia versus standard spinal anesthesia in lower-limb orthopedic surgery // Brazilian Journal of Anesthesiology (English Edition). 2013. (110).
56. Ochsner A. Dr. Rudolph Matas // A.M.A. Archives of Surgery. 1956. № 1 (72). C. 1–19.
57. Oh A.-Y. et al. Influence of the timing of administration of crystalloid on maternal hypotension during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery: preload versus coload // BMC Anesthesiology. 2014. № 1 (14). C. 36.
58. Pitkin G.P. Controllable spinal anesthesia. // Journal of the Medicine Society New Jersey. 1927. C. 24: 425-38.
59. Popa F., Buda O., Purcarea L. Professor Thoma Ionescu (1860–1926) founder of the Modern Romanian School of surgery // Journal of Medicine and Life. 2010. № 1 (3). C. 1–2.
60. Potapov O.L. Unilateral spinal anesthesia in operations on the kidney and upper third of the ureter. // Klinichna khirurhiia. 2009. № 10. C. 36–9.
61. Racoviceanu-Pitesti N. Anesthesia generala prin cocaina 1900. (IV). C. 11–22.
62. Reina M.A. et al. Electron Microscopy of Dural and Arachnoid Disruptions After Subarachnoid Block // Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine. 2017. № 6 (42). C. 709–718.
63. Saifuddin A., Burnett S. J., White J. The variation of position of the conus medullaris in an adult population. A magnetic resonance imaging study // Spine. 1998. № 13 (23). C. 1452–1456.
64. Sârbu Vasile, Constantinoiu Silviu Professor Constantin Dimitrescu-Severeanu Our Father and Contemporary (1840-1930) // Chirurgia. 2017. 112 (1), С. 7-11.
65. Scott D.B. et al. Atraucan: a new needle for spinal anesthesia. // Regional anesthesia. 1993. № 4 (18). C. 213–7.
66. Sprotte G., Schedel R., Pajunk H. Eine „atraumatische“ Universalkanüle für einseitige Regionalanästhesien. Regional-Anaesthesie 1987. 10:104–108.
67. Stahnisch F.W. François Magendie (1783–1855) // Journal of Neurology. 2009. № 11 (256). C. 1950–1952.
68. Huo T. et al. Major complications of regional anesthesia in 11 teaching hospitals of China: a prospective survey of 106,569 cases // J. Clin. Anesth. 2016. 31, 154–161
69. Tanasichuk M.A. et al. Spinal hemianalgesia: an evaluation of a method, its applicability, and influence on the incidence of hypotension // Anesthesiology. 1961. № 1 (22). C. 74–85.
70. Tang L. et al. Comparison of Effects between Combined Lumbar-Sacral Plexus Block plus General Anesthesia and Unilateral Spinal Anesthesia in Elderly Patients Undergoing Hip Fracture Surgery: A Pilot Randomized Controlled Trial // Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine. 2021. (2021). C. e6685497.
71. Tuohy E.B. Continuous spinal anesthesia Its usefulness and technic involved. // Anesthesiology. 1944. C. 5: 142-8.
72. Volk T. et al. Incidence of spinal haematoma after epidural puncture: analysis from the German network for safety in regional anaesthesia // European Journal of Anaesthesiology. 2012. № 4 (29). C. 170–176.
73. Wynter W.E. Four cases of tubercular meningitis in which paracentesis of the theca vertebralis was performed for the relief of fluid pressure // The Lancet. 1891. № 3531 (137). C. 981–982.
74. Yu C. et al. Prediction of spinal anesthesia-induced hypotension during elective cesarean section: a systematic review of prospective observational studies // International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia. 2021. (47). C. 103175.
75. Zhang L. et al. Sciatic-femoral nerve block versus unilateral spinal anesthesia for outpatient knee arthroscopy: A meta-analysis // Minerva Anestesiologica. 2015. № 12 (81). C. 1359–1368.
76. Die Lumbalpunction des Hydrocephalus. Berliner Klinische Wochenschrift 1891; 28: 929-33; 965–68 [Электронный ресурс]. (дата обращения: 27.05.2022).
References: [1-12]
1. Gel'fand B.R. et al. Unilateral'naya subarakhnoidal'naya anesteziya pri operatsiyakh na venakh nizhnikh konechnostei [Unilateral subarachnoid anesthesia during operations on the veins of the lower extremities]. Vestnik Rossiiskogo gosudarstvennogo meditsinskogo universiteta [Bulletin of the Russian State Medical University] 2011. № 3. pp. 39-42 [in Russian]
2. Kozyrev A.S., Ul'rikh G.E., Zabolotskii D.V., Kulev A.G., Kachalova E.G. et al. Monolateral'naya spinal'naya anesteziya u detei [Monolateral spinal anesthesia in children]. FGBU «Rossiiskii ordena Trudovogo Krasnogo Znameni nauchno-issledovatel'skii institut travmatologii i ortopedii im. R.R. Vredena» Ministerstva zdravookhraneniya Rossiiskoi Federatsii [Federal State Budgetary Institution “Russian Order” Labor Red Banner Research Institute of Traumatology and Orthopedics named after. R.R. Vreden” of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation], 2010. 13–17 p. [in Russian]
3. Konstantinova G.D., Donskaya E.D., Epshtein S.L. Khirurgicheskoe lechenie varikoznoi bolezni nizhnikh konechnostei u lits starshe 60 let v statsionare kratkosrochnogo prebyvaniya [Surgical treatment of varicose veins of the lower extremities in persons over 60 years of age in a short-term hospital]. Novosti khirurgii. [News of surgery] 2012. № 4 (16). pp. 50–58. [in Russian]
4. Korneev S.V. Primenenie odnostoronnei spinal'noi anestezii pri operatsiyakh na nizhnikh konechnostyakh v travmatologii [Use of unilateral spinal anesthesia during operations on the lower extremities in traumatology]. Vestnik khirurgii Kazakhstana. [Bulletin of surgery of Kazakhstan]. 2011. № 3 (27). pp. 36-37 [in Russian]
5. Lakhin R.E. et al. Eksperimental'noe issledovanie gidrodinamiki giperbaricheskogo rastvora, vvodimogo cherez spinal'nye igly razlichnykh tipov i kalibrov [Experimental study of the hydrodynamics of a hyperbaric solution administered through spinal needles of various types and calibers]. Anesteziologicheskaya i reanimatologicheskaya pomoshch' bol'nym [Anesthetic and resuscitation care for patients]. 2013. №2(10). C.3–8. [in Russian]
6. Lakhin R.E. et al. Gidrodinamika giperbaricheskogo rastvora na modeli «Steklyannaya spina», vvodimogo cherez spinal'nye igly razlichnykh tipov i kalibrov [Hydrodynamics of a hyperbaric solution on the “Glass Back” model, administered through spinal needles of various types and calibers]. Vestnik anesteziologii i reanimatologii [Bulletin of Anesthesiology and Reanimatology]. 2013. № 3 (10). C. 33–39. [in Russian]
7. Lakhin R.E. Selektivnaya spinal'naya anesteziya u bol'nykh, ranenykh i postradavshikh [Selective spinal anesthesia in patients, wounded and injured]. 2016. C. 36. [in Russian]
8. Mamyrov D.U., Mamyrov E.D. Sposob identifikatsii subarakhnoidal'nogo prostranstva [Method for identifying the subarachnoid space during spinal anesthesia]. Patent RK [patent of Kazakhstan], reg. №24342, 2011. [in Russian]
9. Mamyrov D.U., Mamyrov E.D. Sposob kombinirovannoi epidural'no-spinal'noi anestezii (KESA) [The method of combined epidural-spinal anesthesia (CESA)]. Patent RK [patent of Kazakhstan], reg. №24504, 2011. [in Russian]
10. Mamyrov E. D., Syzdykbaev M. K., Mamyrov D. U. Sposob monolateral'noi spinal'noi anestezii s elektroneirostimulyatsiei [The technique of monolateral spinal anesthesia with the use of electroneurostimulation]. Patent RK [patent of Kazakhstan], reg. №34398, 2020. [in Russian]
11. Soatov A.R., Semenikhin A.A. Puti snizheniya operatsionno-anesteziologicheskogo riska pri operatsiyakh na nizhnikh konechnostyakh u geriatricheskikh bol'nykh s nedostatochnost'yu krovoobrashcheniya [Ways to reduce operational and anesthetic risk during operations on the lower extremities in geriatric patients with circulatory failure]. Regionarnaya anesteziya i lechenie ostroi boli. [Regional anesthesia and treatment of acute pain]. 2013. № 1 (7). pp. 33–37. [in Russian]
12. Shadurskii N.N., Kuz'min V.V., Voshchinin A.V. Metodika odnostoronnei epidural'noi anestezii pri endoprotezirovanii kolennogo sustava [Method of unilateral epidural anesthesia for knee replacement]. Regionarnaya anesteziya i lechenie ostroi boli [Regional anesthesia and treatment of acute pain]. 2012. №4(6). pp.22–28. [in Russian]
Number of Views: 204
Category of articles:
Reviews
Bibliography link
Mamyrov Y.D., Mamyrov D.U., Noso Yo., Syzdykbaev M.K. Historical outline of the stages of development of spinal anesthesia, delivery equipment for local anesthetics and current trends in pain management of unilateral operations on the lower extremities // Nauka i Zdravookhranenie [Science & Healthcare]. 2023, (Vol.25) 4, pp. 200-212. doi 10.34689/SH.2023.25.4.025Related publications:
INTERRELATION OF INTRAABDOMINAL HYPERTENSION AND MARKERS OF GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT INJURY IN PATIENTS WITH MULTIORGAN DYSFUNCTION
DRUG-INDUCED LIVER INJURY AND GENDER DIFFERENCES
QUALITY OF LIFE IN PRIMARY BILIARY CHOLANGITIS AND ITS ASSESSMENT
DIAGNOSTIC AND THERAPEUTIC LAPAROSCOPY FOR ABDOMINAL INJURIES. REVIEW
METHODS FOR SCHOOL-AGE CHILDREN NUTRITIONAL STATUS ASSESSMENT: FOCUS ON ANTHROPOMETRIC PARAMETERS. A REVIEW.