MPOX: FROM EPIDEMIOLOGICAL TRENDS TO MODERN IMMUNOPROPHYLAXIS STRATEGIES. LITERATURE REVIEW
Introduction. Mpox (the disease caused by the MPXV virus) gained global significance during the 2022–2025 outbreak; as of the analysis period, 97,281 laboratory-confirmed cases had been reported in 118 countries, and the WHO declared the situation a Public Health Emergency of International Concern (PHEIC) on 14 August 2024. The expanded geographic circulation and the presence of vulnerable groups necessitate reassessment of control measures and vaccination strategies.
Objective. To analyse current features of Mpox spread and to evaluate the effectiveness of available preventive vaccine measures in the context of importation risk.
Search strategy. A critical review of peer-reviewed literature and official reports published between 2010 and 2025 was conducted; included sources comprised scientific publications, regulatory documents and surveillance data. Analysis was structured around mpox epidemiology and spread, risk groups and clinical features, and vaccine platforms (licensed products and candidates), with data classified as preclinical or clinical.
Results. Clinical presentation ranges from typical staged cutaneous eruptions to atypical anogenital forms; disease is more severe in people living with HIV. No confirmed cases were reported in Kazakhstan (July 2025). Regarding vaccines: the non-replicating MVA-BN shows a favourable profile (two doses - seroconversion ≈89%; estimated effectiveness ≈82%, 95% CI 72-92%; one dose ≈76%, 95% CI 64-88%); ACAM2000 is highly immunogenic (seroconversion ≈94-97%) but limited by safety concerns; LC16-KMB is an alternative in specific scenarios. Emerging candidates (attenuated dBTF, mRNA BNT166, VLP constructs) demonstrate promising preclinical / early clinical results, but data are limited by small sample sizes and lack of direct comparative studies.
Conclusions. Priorities include ensuring access to non-replicating vaccines and targeted PrEP/PEP programmes, strengthening surveillance and laboratory readiness, standardizing correlates of protection, and conducting head-to-head and large non-human primate (NHP) / clinical studies to enable evidence-based ranking of vaccine platforms.
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Tuyakov A.M., Zhapparova G.A., Tlenchieva T.M., Myrzakhmetova B.Sh., Zhugunisov K.D., Kutumbetov L.B., Omarbekova Zh.Ye., Shabdarbayeva D.M. Mpox: From Epidemiological Trends to Modern Immunoprophylaxis Strategies. Literature review // Nauka i Zdravookhranenie [Science & Healthcare]. 2025. Vol.27 (6), pp. 135-148. doi 10.34689/SH.2025.27.6.016Похожие публикации:
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